Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

re-create - Essay ExampleAccording to Sir Johns, copy kinds will be the same as making an identical twin which is just like copying what nature has already produced (Collins). This can be apply to relieve suffering among pile who have lost their loved kids. Research has shown that about 60 % of the people asked to express their views towards cloning are in favour of it.However, cloning has been criticised as a result of sundry(a) reasons. For instance, the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy argues that cloning raises a wide range of moral and ethical issues. For instance, embryos are sunk for stem cells and this is seen as a serious moral wrong. An embryo should be treated as a human being. Cloning is also labour intensive and it is very expensive to carryout and this is one of the main reasons why it is criticised by many people. It is feared that the rate of still births can increase if cloning is done on human beings since this reproductive process would be different from the immanent way of foetus development in the womb. Critics of cloning also argue that identity and personality of cloned individuals will be compromised and this can affect their social yield and development. There is a general feeling that cloning undermines human dignity which is enshrined in different outside(a) conventions about human rights.In my own opinion, I think cloning should be banned since the transfer springs produced are not original in nature. For instance, research has shown that the off springs are not 100 % perfect tense so there are likely chances that they will be affected by different health complications. I also feel that cloning undermines the dignity of people in different societies. This contravenes the law of natural life where it can be argued that it is only God who can create human beings. Cloned species would not be original and this is the reason why I am also against the idea of cloning human beings

Final Test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Test - Essay ExampleThe effect of this is that the ratifier does not receive a type of whiplash when dealing with the alternating topics that the author seeks to reveal. However, the general helplessness of such an approach is the fact that the author does not have a broad enough idea matter in order to engage the reader with an undifferentiated narrative approach such as the one that has been employed without risking belaboring the point and losing the attention of the reader. Although the subject matter is nonetheless fascinating, it is difficult to hold on to the argumentative narrative with such a limited and shallow grip upon a narrow case of the subject matter. The third book, Sizwes Test, employs a mixed style of argument that is concentric upon both rebutter and definition. By means of employing such an approach, the author is able to engage the reader by raising key questions regarding the fulfilment of the AIDs dilemma in S. Africa while at the same time offering a rebuttal for the means by which the disease is not able to be slowed or stopped to a greater degree. Rather than attempting to define the issue and argue for a given outcome, the author seeks to define the issue and indeed rebut the ways in which the disease has been currently handled. As a function of this, a remote greater and more effective argument is drawn and the reader is able to gain valuable incursion into the disease as it exists as well as attempting to understand nuances that would otherwise be obscured by oft of the disinformation.

Prepare Semi-Structured questions for interviews and questioners Essay

Prep are Semi-Structured questions for interviews and questioners - render ExampleFor example, for projects like infra complex body part and construction (say electricity transmission, Roads development, Buildings Construction etc.) are there very specific factors that developers have to look out for to ensure that there are no delays?10. What you say in the response to the above about the importance of planning stageis it equally true for different types of bragging(a) projects. From construction to infrastructure, does your opinion about the importance of the planning stage applies to all types of large projects?16. toilette you depend of some reasons why planning stage errors like incorrect assessment of risks, uncertainties and probabilities occur? Is it beca custom of the assessment tools and risk assessment models that are used in Qatar?17. Are the above difficulties in calculating risks and uncertainties and assigning probabilities gain complicated by the State of Qa tars unique geographic, socio-cultural and historical issues?18. Do you think that one of the opposite factors that can be assigned with causing project delays is of Budget? Does lack of accurate budget adhesion in the planning stage lead to the delays in the project completion?20. Do you think that delays at the execution phases of the project (monitoring, control and closure) are specific to tactical planning and execution failures? Or are these just a manifestation of the incorrect planning at the initiation and designing stage?22. Can some of the delays at the planning stage be attributed to an inadequate choice of project management structure and style? Please elaborate on what are the most suitable project management structures to use in large scale projects, especially in the context of Qatar.23. Do you think that one of the reasons for whirl and delays are the lack of consensus among the numerous stakeholders on the budget, perception of risk and end objectives of the lar ge scale projects? How does this suffer out in the context of the State

Inter War years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) Research Paper

Inter struggle years (Between 1st and 2nd World War) - Research Paper ExampleOverall this era instal the foundation for what was to come ahead in form of Second world contend and the cold war that followed afterwards. The inter war period can be termed as bridge era between the both major wars. It had its economic impacts, political, geographical and almost all important factors that determine the fate of any tribe and region. This era can be stretched from the November 1918 and the most notable of those months and event was the Treaty of Versailles (Slavicek 2010), which according to more critiques and historians served as the reason towards the Second World War. The treaty of Versailles had its feature importance and impact on the history. This treaty was rich of many clauses and aspects which left deep animosity in the hearts of Germans. The lone clause of war ill-doing ( Ringer 2005, 72) served more severe than any. This clause had political, geographical as well as str ategical repercussions. Areas of strategic importance were taken from Germany, large reparations were imposed on them, their military might was cut to pieces and various another(prenominal) aspects which left bitter feeling in the hearts of Germans and made them resolve them taking revenge in upcoming years. The sick man of Europe, Turkey and the Ottoman imperium was on its last leg, and these days served its culture season. The empire officially came to an end (Al-Rasheed 2002, 2). As a result of defeat and ultimately treaty, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Turkey was reduced to a small unit. Turkey the former Ottoman Empire had to cede many areas and areas like Cyprus and Mesopotamia were separated from the Mega Empire and United Kingdom performed the honors and over took these areas. Other event that took place in parallel was that of creation of Irish state. While revolts and unrest had erupted couple of years back, but it has to settle worst only at the end of the war, whe n Great Britain finally gave up to the demand of Irish people and allowed it creating its own borders and state with its over sovereign government and representation. Other notable event that took place the rise of Egypt and tender state development in that part. While it had remained a colony and an occupied land in the nineteenth century under Napoleon and remained a land of strategic importance, eventually became independent from the status of British colony. The establishment of league of Nations was another major event that took place during the inter war period (Sengupta 2008, 173). The bugger off of this entity was to ensure no war of similar sort takes place again, it did pass number of resolutions, made virtually treaties, interventions were introduced, yet it could not live up to the expectation and seeing in a longer run, League of nation could not revert the deadly war that was awaiting the world and humanity. The Russian revolution in the fall upon of socialism cam e into full force as well ((Smele 2006). This was the period of 1923 to 1924. As it is being said, that the first spring of war is humanity, it was the case in this adhesion as well. Much was invested over the military might, and the human detriment was exposed both in from of war and the inter period where the mighty nations spent more on ensuring mighty military than helping the poor. The soviet republic was a worse example in this regard and human suffering w

Communist manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communist manifesto - Essay ExampleNot unless were the form of governments and personnel altered but the entire basis of government were changed leading to emergency of alliance encompassing gender roles, humankind matures, nationality, and social home. It is noted these re rude(a)alary social and political trends continued and became ceremonious in the nineteenth century, manifested through nationalist and democratic uprisings and movements against foreign or arbitrary rule throughout Europe, in the campaign against slave trade and slavery in the transatlantic ocean, and in to some egest demanding gender equality (Weightman 2010, 23). Emergence of industrial revolution led to emergence of another wave which beef up revolutionary dynamic. Social, economic, and political changes emerged at the end of 19th century sweeping across the globe. Industrial revolution led to advances to substitute inanimate and machine sources of power for replacement of domestic and craft guilds pr oduction and human labor by the reformulation of business into cartels or corporation and manufacturing systems of the factory. This approach was similar to the replacement of the feudal rulers with political revolutions with new forms of government establishment and election of leaders. Similarly, industrial revolution was analogical to political revolutions which were exemplified through increase involvement of citizens in the government. This was in the sense that the resulting organizational and technological changes led to an impressive increase in production resulting into industrial societys economic growth (Anderson 2011, 21). Effects of industrial revolution were matte up in regions such as United States, Belgium, France, and Germany leading to emergence of new manufacturing cities. As a result, new class differentiation emerged and a new form of labor was conceived such as the middle class and the skilled labor respectively. Nevertheless, industrial revolution gave birth to rampant exploitation of workers and unplanned urbanization label for government regulations and interventions. Responses were manifested through Public Health Boards, Poor Laws, and Factory Acts. Evolution of labor unions was as a result of workers gaining the rights to vote. Socialist movements emerged referable to resistance of workers demands leading to Karl Marx reasoning that was presented in Communist Manifesto which claimed that capitalistic revolutionary overthrow was the only means for workers to emancipate themselves. On the contrary, Americans and Europeans expanded their influence and power due to the technological, organizational, and financial resources. Colonization, military domination, economic encroachment in the non-industrialized states was mated by little resistance therefore resulting into new imperialism (Anderson 2011 33). Property rights exalted enlightenment to the status of a bulwark of liberty. Power in the cured Europe accompanied property however , aristocratic rule was the inevitable belief that justified the power. It was believed that wealth was right given by God and the traditional Christianity was conceived to balance this wealth. Nevertheless, European civilization was profoundly affected by industrial revolution. Industrialists viewed themselves as creators of wealth. Significant movement was the gradual expansion of voters rights which was initially focused on the working(a) men but later included the women. Economic security and independence was argued to be achieved through the recognition of liberty. The conception was based on the notion that natural laws yielded freedom rather than the theological

The US Patriot Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The US Patriot Act - Essay Exampleng the tools by which law enforcement agencies fight crime and improves communication capabilities between these government agencies and in spite of the prevailing volume opinion, protects, not degrades civil liberties.According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives comport to and encourages enhanced sharing of selective information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to pertain the dots from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to develop a complete submit regarding possible threats from terrorists. The Act also allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorists discussions via electronic surveillance. (Ward, 2002). Since the PATRIOT Act was enacted in October of 2001, it has been an essential instrument in ensuring the safety of American citizens in the ongoing War on Terror. The more conducive sharing of information augments the same, constitutionally lawful, forms of law enforcement that had been employed to gain vigor and prosecute criminals prior to 9/11. In addition, the legislation has increased the effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Justice in its efforts to interrupt terrorist actions while simultaneously and earnestly defending the civil liberties of American citizens. America still faces dangerous enemies, and no priority is more important to the President than protecting the American people without delay (US PATRIOT Act, 2006).According to President Bush, The Patriot Act defends our liberty. The Patriot Act makes it able for those of us in positions of responsibility to defend the liberty of the American people. Its essential law (Allen, 2004). Paul Rosenzweig, a senior legal research fellow at Heritage is convinced that Ronald Reagan, the champion of modern-day conservatism, would support the PATRIOT

Object data modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Object data modelling - Essay Examplean online, web-based system that could allow their guests to (i) look for the availability and fargons for the fledge to the desired destination, (ii) make payments securely through a third-party payment system in order to book the tickets for the desired flight, (iii) view the real-time seating arrangement with available seats and have the desired seat in order to self-check-in, and (iv) print out the boarding card. PART I abstract REPORT 1. Use- slip-ups & Use- teddy Diagrams Use cases and use-case diagrams are the UML features for gathering and analysis of user-centric requirements. A use case stinkpot be defined as a particular purpose that can be achieved by the user (or say, actor) through the system (Chonoles & Schardt, 2003). A use-case diagram depicts a sequence of interactions between the actor and the system (Gomaa, 2011). 1.1. An Overview Use Case Model As shown in Figure 1, following are major use cases of the Ticket involutio n and Self-Check-In System Major Use Case 1 Search the desired flight After record on to the Happy Tours website, the customer can search for the availability and fares for the flights to the desired destination. In order to carry out the search, the customers must provide mandatory information to the system which includes personal details, the sacking airport, the destination airport, intended outbound flight date and time. The customer may also provide optional information the date and time for return trip, to make the search more accurate. Assumption The search go away lists flights with available seats in other words, if all the seats in the flight are schedule then that flight wont appear in the search result. Major Use Case 2 Book the ticket Once the customer has found the desired flight, she can move on to the booking process where she makes the payment through a third-party secure payment system. If the payment gets successfully processed, an automatize confirmation em ail along with the receipt is sent out by the system to the email source provided by the customer. Major Use Case 3 Self-Check-In The customer can opt to perform self-check-in the schedule flight anytime but 24 hours prior to the scheduled flight time. To self-check-in, the customer must search for the flight every through the booked flight number and booking reference number. If the flight is found and the customers booking is verified successfully, the system displays the real-time seating arrangement to the customer. The available seats are shown in blue color, while those already reserved are displayed in gray color. The customer can click on any one available seat to choose it, and then proceed to either

Internationization Of Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internationization Of Economies - Essay ExampleExplain what a Monetary Union is and indicate possible benefits of the regime. orbicularization is a broad term used to touch on the merger of the worlds various economic systems. The primary agents of change are reductions in barriers to wiliness such as import quotas, export fees and tariffs. The base contention related to justify globalisation is that it acquired immune deficiency syndrome in increasing material wealth as puff up as goods and services through an in force(p) process of international division of labour. Globalisation is also used to describe how regional economies, cultures and societies are nice increasingly integrated through trade, transportation and communication. Economic globalisation can be specified burst if seen as the integration of national and regional economies into the global economy. The salient features of this integration are FDI (foreign direct investment), migration, trade, chapiter flows, te chnology and military presence. (Bhagwati, 2004) Globalisation like most other international phenomenon has had positive and negative consequences. This text edition will attempt to analyse the positive and negative aspects of globalisation in terms of economics by utilising relevant economic theories. This will be followed by a discussion on floating and repair exchange rates and the text will end with an appraisal of the monetary union concept. Economic Globalisation Economic globalisation is dependent on achieving a common global market that is based scarcely on the freedom to exchange all nature of services and goods. (Lorenz & Wagner, 2007) Another major consequence of globalisation is that employees have to make do in an international job market. Previously wage regulations were more in synchronise with national economies while the advent of globalisation has changed this altogether. As economies are more and more intertwined, the failure of an someone economy does not necessarily jeopardise workers wages. This has affected the distribution of wages and income on a large scale. (Reich, 1992) The new global market is highly competitive and productivity must be upgraded in order to face the competition. The removal of trade barriers and tariffs ensures that competition is head on and multi faceted simultaneously. woodland and cost need to be monitored at the same time and there are large chances that attention may fail if faced with too stiff competition. Industries must upgrade their technology as well as the product range in order to compete. (Croucher, 2004) However, the failure of individual economies does present the chance for a domino effect. One failing economy may spur failure elsewhere and the entire global market may collapse. The recent economic recession is a glaring example of such a phenomenon. Some schools of thought contend that globalisation does present obvious problems through rapid development but globalisation is a positive f orce which has the power to lift a nation out of poverty. speedy development spurs a virtual economic cycle which produces faster economic advancement. (Bhagwati, 2004) Globalisation presents blue hook workers in developing nations with far greater occupational choices than before. Educated workers from developing nations are given chances to compete internationally for better paying jobs. Workers from developing nations are able to compete with workers from industrialised nations at an advantage. This acquired immune deficiency syndrome in creating greater opportunities for workers. Workers are provided with opportunities to emigrate and getting jobs in industrialised countries or to stay in their native countries to work in outsourced industrial ventures. The global economy also provides abundant opportunities for products of cottage industries too. (Bhagwati, 2004) On the other hand, globalisation has

The Case of Samsung Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The of Samsung - Case Study ExampleSolutions to the three issues require the inclusion body of decision-making, strategic planning, and goal bewilderting. The problem of competition can be solved by acquiring warring advantage (Mars, 2009). Samsung can acquire this advantage by focusing on creating more appealing features to their products so as to attract more customers and establish customer loyalty. The problem of unproductive marketplaceing strategies can be solved through market specialization in specific expertise for specific markets. Price magnetic declination can be solved by developing a plan that helps to determine foreign countries permute rates (Lindros, 2014). With this knowledge, a company can take financial actions in a more overbearing manner. What the case of Samsung tells about strategic management is that it is a comprehensive process that involves a systematic set of activities that rely on resources and clearly defined actions. In terms of resource, the c ompany relies on human and temporal resources as well as raw materials to be able to deliver. Strategic management also relies on teamwork specifically through a product marketing team that ensures the handset division controls risks and competition from early(a) handset providers such as Nokia. The Case of ZespriAs a large exporter of kiwifruit, Zespri experiences three main issues that include competition, market instability and fluctuating foreign exchange rates. Zespri faces great competition from other producers of kiwifruit in China and Italy as well as competition from other alternative crops.

Reflective technique of listening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective technique of auditory modality - Essay ExampleThe writer then goes on to explain empathy as the hearers desire to find the internal frame of mind of the verbalizer. The author explains the design very well by giving examples of how empathy can be shown by saying phrases like I follow you I am with you. He explains acceptance as accepting the person for what he is and non trying to judge him. It is closely related to empathy. When a person doesnt try to judge the speaker the speaker is encouraged to speak freely and discuss all aspects of the problem that he has been facing. Congruence is explained as be in the same external frame as you atomic number 18 internal. If you are angry, the writer feels it is develop to tell the speaker than to show false sympathy as the speaker can always conjecture whether your concern is genuine or not. Concreteness is defined as the ability of the listener to focus on specifics quite a than vague generalities and ideas. The liste ner should encourage the speaker to be more specific in order to suffice him reach the root cause of this problem. The speaker may be trying to avoid it.In facial expression, the listener should onrush to clarify and restate what the speaker is saying. I will not only gibe the speaker that you are paying attention to what you are saying but will also top off your thoughts and serve you to understand the speaker in a mend way. Listening orientation and reflective comprehend are tell to be mutually re-enforcing by the writer. One feeds on the other and helps the other to grow.... Congruence is explained as being in same external frame as you are internally. If you are angry , the writer feels it is better to tell the speaker than to show false sympathy as the speaker can always venture whether your concern is genuine or not. Concreteness is defined as the ability of the listener to focus on specifics earlier than vague generalities and ideas. The listener should encourage t he speaker to be more specific in order to help him reach the root cause of his problem. The speaker may be trying to avoid it. In reflection the listener should attempt to clarify and restate what the speaker is saying. I will not only assure the speaker that you are paying attention to what you are saying but will also clear your thoughts and help you to understand the speaker in a better way. Listening orientation and reflective listening are said to be mutually re-enforcing by the writer. One feeds on the other and helps the other to grow. The listener should try to react to only personal comments made by the speaker such as I am worried about the job. Instead of focusing on how is job is reflective listening encourages the listener to focus on the worried part. Reflective listening basically lets the speaker take self-will of the problem. So the writer says that the listener should never try to lead the conversation but should only reply whenever necessary. These responses sh ould be limited and should only be there to encourage the speaker to continue speaking. The most big aspect of reflective listening mentioned by the writer is to acknowledge understand and respond to the feelings of the speaker or else than the actual content of what he is

Micro-Finance in Bangladesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Micro-Finance in Bangladesh - Essay ExampleProject governance consists of a number of activities such as those related to bodily decision making and organizational structures.Bangladesh is classified as a Least Developed Country by the United Nations Organization. With a population of roughly 125 million, i.e. more than twice the population of Britain, its absent in almost every conceivable resource for human consumption. The Grameen Bank has initiated a housing contribute scheme among others for the poorer segments of Bangladeshis so that they would borrow even if they are unable to show collateral. Those pavement dwellers and squatters on brass properties have partially benefited from this scheme. They are the first convention of external stakeholders, while those contractors are also considered as external stakeholders of the project. However, employees and managers on sites are regarded as internal stakeholders (Cadle and Yeates, 2007). The government of Bangladesh and the i nternational community such as INGOs, the World Bank, the UNICEF and the IMF are also involved in these projects as providers of auxiliary services such as safe drinking water, schools, hospitals and so on. The following stakeholder map illustrates how various stakeholders of a similar project would be brought under a single map for the analysis of links within and without the project. While the physical belongings of the project might be limited to its primary housing project, its real impact would be mat far beyond the far corners of the country itself.While this sheet does not provide a elaborated management structure for every stakeholder group involved in the project, it adequately illustrates how each relevant stakeholder group is managed through the project governance process (Carroll, 2006). Stakeholders might have different levels of interest in a project depending on the level of impact on them.

Taoism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Taoism - Research Paper ExampleThis paper bequeath innovate the main ideas of Taoism in contrast to Confucianism, and will show how they might be a source of intelligence and inspiration to modern Western life. Taoism Yang Chu, Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi Three central figures may be identified in the birth and proliferation of Taoist thought. These are Yang Chu, Lao Zi, and Zhuang Zi. Yang Chu proposes a very basic form of naturalism. His main remnant is basic to the Taoist view to preserve life and to avoid injury. But Yang Chus way is with what might be called escapism. It is said that Yang Chu retired in the forest to dwell close to the animals who knew nature. A famous relation (Fung 62) says that he refused a calling to be an official precisely because he wanted to preserve his life. A horse does not need more than a few licks of water from a lake to satisfy its thirst. why would one want more than the carolblest abode and a few morsels of food to live? This simplicity advocated by Yang Chu has often been interpreted as selfishness, for he is supposed to have told people to not occur up a single strand of their hair even if it meant they would have a whole kingdom in their hands. But on deeper examination, we find that Yang Chus refusal to join the world is really his way of preserving life. Once we contribute a piece, people will want more and more until we have no more to give until we have no more. Thus, Yang Chu advises against giving up even a single strand of hair (Fung 63). It is through this view that Yang Chu has earned the description, one who despises things and values life. Lao Zi is the sage identified with Taoism primarily because of the Tao te ching, the countersign he is supposed to have composed at the request of a guard asking hum for his legacy before he left society altogether. Unlike Yang Chu, Lao Zi is still concerned with unimaginative life. He does not espouse the escapism of Yang Chu but rather makes sure that in our twenty-four hour period to day living, we still followed the way of Nature by preserving the simplicity of life. To do this, one is encouraged to keep in mind two concepts wei-wu-wei and the principle of yin-yang. The former can be interpreted as doing without doing, while the latter(prenominal) can be emphasized as the harmonious opposition of things. For Lao Zi, to follow the Dao is to let things be, to reach things the way they are. Suffering is caused by our desire to change things or to control events in our lives. As this will never happen, we fall into frustration. To be happy, one must be content and not meddle in the ways of Nature. To go with the stop, so to speak, is the secret to a satisfying life. Thus, wei-wu-wei allows us to be active without affect the natural flow of things. It is not mere passivity, but rather an activity that facilitates the working out of the argument of Nature. We do not do more than what is necessary. Do you work, then step back. The only path to wil d pansy (Lao-Zi, chap. 9). Practice not doing and everything will fall into place (Lao Zi, chap. 3). The water symbol of the Dao is central to their philosophy. It literally goes with the flow and does not rise above itself, yet it is a very powerful element. Water is soft, yet it overcomes the operose as the river polishes the stones where it

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law - Essay Example nonpareil of the important social factors contributing to this question has resulted from the fact that in recent years family home has been used to rock-steady for business borrowings in which both spouses are required to sign the relevant documents.There have been new(prenominal)(a) economic and political factors which has supported this economic decision. This presents a new situation which brought to surface the impact of undue influence on the minority and weaker section representing wives on the ground of emotional and financial dependence on the husband. Some of the former(a) factors have been increased owner-occupation since second World war, government encouragement to small businesses in 1980s and increasing expressive style for spouses to hold jointly the legal title to the family home.. The real source of the problem has emerged from the fact that though wife is now required to execute documents charging the family ho me, it does not necessarily mean that she has an equal involvement with her husband in planning the transaction or an equal voice when it comes to making the decision to sign.The role of the courts in the slope law, is significant, while they respond to an increasing palaver of equality in face society througho... And it can be seen that judges have been fifty-fifty more creative in the way they have managed to limit womens rights to a successful claim or defence, to limit womens claims even when they appear to win their case, and to ensure that men generally do better out of these disputes than women. The equality and justice is hard to sustain on the facts. (Auchmuty,2005)1 The focus of this discussion is military rating and examination of the un beauteous justice practiced with regard to the position of the women, when it comes to equal treatment, in the matters concerning plaza disputes. On many instances it can be seen in the context of English Law that men and commercial lenders and other individual have been the greater beneficiary in comparison to women. The law and the judges have forever favoured the possession of property to male members and commercial lenders with bias against their social disposition to manage and maintain property. English women have not been treated equally in relation to property they have consistently been denied their fair share in property ownership. The biggest test for the courts and the judges have been in the cases where there is legal rhetoric and legal reasoning, which have supported unsportsmanlike shares between the two genders in attaining court resolutions of informal co-ownership disputes and unfair outcomes in undue influence cases involving mortgagees. The rules of equity need to protect women as in many cases even judges lean towards male bias. Married women could and probably should benefit from special protection in property law that is , because married women suffer special disadvantage on account of their structural

The Pyramids At Giza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Pyramids At Giza - Essay ExampleChristopher Dunn, an engineer, and craftsman atomic count 18 one of the promoters of the idea that the pyramids were built by a more advanced civilization. Dunn, 1998) claims that pyramids were not used as simple tombs for people, but they were developed as power plants that could develop energy from resonating with the earth. The researcher stresses that the size of pyramids as well as precision of the construction suggests that people could hardly build them with the help of engine room and knowledge available at that time. Dunn (1998) adds that even modern technologies may fail to complete such demanding tasks.However, the capacious majority of researchers agree that the pyramids were built by people and these edifices served as tombs for capacious Pharaohs. Lacovara (2004) states that the pyramids were erected as a sign of the might of Pharaohs and they stand in line with many other grand monuments created by people. Brabin (2010) provid es a number of plausible arguments that show that the pyramids were created by people. Thus, archaeological findings show that there were settlements near the pyramids. These settlements were created for people who built the great edifices. Discoveries of Lehner support this assumption and provide new insights (Shaw, 2003). Shaw (2003) stresses that Lehner found remnants of food that show the way the builders were treated, and it is clear that those were not slaves but free workers who got enough food and good shelter. Of course, there are still open questions as to the time needed for building the pyramids. Brabin (2010) suggests that the construction could last 300 years while Petroski (2004) assumes that even 23 years could be enough if the technology of using the pyramids as planes to lift huge blocks was used.

Gender Based Conflict Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender lay out Conflict Management - Essay ExampleIn his research, Valentine identified and analyzed five conflict colonization strategies that were used by nurses at their employment. The five strategies included avoiding, compromising, competing, collaborating and accommodating. From her analysis, she imaged that gender may influence the termination by which nurses choose their conflict management strategies. From the perspective of gender, women are perceived to be more implicated about interpersonal aspects of the relationship than it is to men. In this effort, female nurses are seen to view conflict management as a way they use while seeking confirmation and support in their effort to maintaining harmony.The results found out that male nurses resorted to using competing method of conflict resolution. This conflict resolution system at workplace is associated with the application of power by the competing nurses. This is as a result of the perceived differences in power amidst male and female genders and lack of self-confidence in the male nurses. Male nurses, unlike female nurses, break to realize that differences in opinions can be used as opportunities to learn and solve their differences.In another(prenominal) study carried out by Friedman, Shu-Cheng, and Liu on An expectancy model of Chinese-American differences in conflict-avoiding, the authors put it clear that Chinese have higher hightail itencies to avoid conflicts than Americans (Friedman, et al., 2006). The results of this expectancy model found out that Chinese use avoiding strategy of conflict control due to various reasons alienated to them, which cannot be applied by the Americans. Chinese realize that direct conflicts are capable of hurting their relationships with the other party. They have greater concern for the other parties. Therefore, they tend to apply the avoiding strategy to uphold this fact. Chinese are also regarded as a people who yield great respect and sensitivity t o hierarchy. Because of this, any

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay Example for Free

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay1. When the end geological period is reached in an caustic-base titration, the relationship between the concentrations of OH- and H3O+ are that they are equal. This doesnt mean that the pH will be neutral, but the concentrations of both will be the equivalent in a titration.2. The pH of the end raze is get a lined by what kind of indicator is used to indicate when the end point I reached. In this experiment, phenolphthalein was used. It shows a color change in the charge of a base, which means that our solution had to be more or less basic for it to turn a pink-purple color. So, the type of indicator used for the experiment will overall mould the pH of the end point because some indicators turn a differentcolor in the presence of an acid and others in the presence of a base.3. Regardless of the amount of water that is used to dissolve the unappreciated acid, the amount of moles would non change. This is because when you are diluting a solu tion, you are affecting the volume of the solution, but not the subdue of moles present in the solution. So, in this experiment when 40cm3, 35 cm3 and 45 cm3 could have been used to dissolve the inglorious acid and the number of moles would not be different.4. If the unsung acid ad been diprotic, then the mole-to-mole ratio between the acid and NaOH would have been 21, the thou and normality would have been 0.180, the number of equivalents would have been two and not one, the number of moles of the unknown acid would have been 0.0090mol instead of 0.0045mol, and the molar mass of the acid would have been 220. Therefore, if the unknown acid had been diprotic everything would have been doubled.ConclusionIn this experiment, an acid-base titration was used to determine the molarity of a NaOH solution, the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with a different unknown acid, and the molar mass of this unknown acid. This was done by making the concentrations of 0.10M HCl and NaOH equal to determine the molarity of NaOH which is 0.091M. We then found that 0.0045mol of NaOH reacted with a different unknown acid by using the molarity of NaOH and the volume of NaOH that we used to titrate with the unknown acid.Since the mole-to-mole ratio of NaOH and the unknown acid were 11, we could use the same number of moles, 0.0045mol, for the acid to determine if molar mass. This was completed by using 0.0045mol and the mass in grams of the acid we used, which was 0.983g. By doing this we discovered that the molar mass of our acid was 220. By doing an acid-base titration

Feasibility study Essay Example for Free

Feasibility study Essay1. A. NAME OF yieldAs we all know Guimaras is known as the breeder and export of the sweetest mangoes in the world. Some countries collect tried to plant and grow mangoes but no one can ever do the like even with the help of latest technology that we have today and so the city of Guimaras can proudly cl look the title of having the sweetest mangoes. Therefore the proponents chose Guimaras as its inspiration, thus, come up with a overlap that wishes to exhibit their military posture the mangoes. After series of conceptualizing, the proponents come up with the word MANGG astounding as its business take a crap. This name is comprised of two words, MANGGA and AMAZING primarily because the business concept is focused on mango itself. The first word Mangga is a bank term for mangoes which has been commended in the introduction, opus the second word, Amazing means great wonder, surprising and remarkable and so the name Manggamazing is the combination of t hese words that surely suit the products quality.All in all, the name MANGGAMAZING simply describes the product and the outstanding work for excellent and satisfaction the proponents wishes to convey.1.C. DESCRIPTIVE DEFINITIONManggamazing smoothies ar drinks make and served for refreshment. These are mainly made with fresh, ripe mangoes which are antioxidants that protect the body against colon, breast, leukemia, and prostate cancers. Mangoes are copious in vitamin C, pectin, and fibers that help to let outer serum cholesterol levels. Mangoes help you unclog your pores and add freshness to the face. These are applicable to any skin type. Mangoes help in promoting good eye sight, fights dry eyes and overly prevent night blindness because it is rich in vitamin A. Mangoes in addition contains enzymes for breaking down protein, and the fiber represent in it helps digestion and elimination.Manggamazing offers not only smoothies made with mangoes but it is addedwith banana, mango a nd melon, and pineapple. Bananas are terrific heart- respectable aliment and good source of potassium, dietary fiber, manganese and vitamins B6 C. Melons on the other hand, help prevent cancer, stroke, and heart disease, also good for digestion, and give boost of energy. Pineapples contain brome lain, an enzyme that may help arthritis pain by cut back inflammation. They are also a good source of vitamin C, which helps strengthen your immune system. The products give a lusty boost and refreshment naturally.Smoothies are also mixed with non-fat milk, 0% fat yogurt, and forget use sweeteners alternatively of sugar.As a whole the product is a guilt free drink because of all its nutrients and low level of sugar. The proponents are1. D. OBJECTIVESVisionOur company Manggamazing bears the vision of providing levelheaded, fresh mango smoothies with added flavors of other nutritious fruits while maintaining our commitment to uncompromised quality with the heartening purpose to cater to societys needs and cravings and constant mixed bag in life. The business also opted to create guilt-free drinks that give surely rejuvenate your mind and body, hence ever-changing and opening peoples mind on a new side of style to staying healthy and fit. Ultimately, the companys vision is to be the front-runner in the industry and help social and economical growth.MissionManggamazing aims to give a high quality, exceptional and reasonably priced products in the beverage industry that provides healthy and nutritious smoothies that will surely satisfy the cravings of every customer. The people behind this product also aim to promote the national fruit of the Philippines the mangoes to be known worldwide. To the society, the companys task is making them health conscious in a unique way.Short term bearingManggamazing short term objective is to focus on execution in themarketplace every day and on needs of our consumers and customers. live the courage to change course when needed and remain responsive. And after we introduce it and known by everyone, Manggamazing will have a high cost of sales. Improve earnings and yield performance.Long term clinicalThe Manggamazing long term objective after 3-5 years will invade the malls if the profits are obtained. It will create many job opportunities for the branches that need manpower such as crew, server etc. The product will have a TV commercial and a foundation that will support by manggamazing so that the product will be known and it will be open for franchising. Develop and go into new market, and they can now produce and manufacture new products. Expand into new overseas markets to splash new sources of growth and to achieve better market diversification. It aims for success and satisfaction of customers.

Supply chain management Essay Example for Free

Supply chain direction EssayIn this final paper for Managerial Finance I will attempt to represent how the tot chain inscription attention method cigaret be affected dep terminusing on the lieu of the retailer. Studying the control method for problems in inventory, which would include both, excesses in inventory as wellhead as shortages, and hoping to minimize loss. Use of SCM as a Method of Inventory Control I postulate obstinate to do the final for Managerial Finance on the function of the SCM method as a hold up for of inventory control, because I have worked in a business that has used many different forms of inventory control. As a manager it was bingle of my responsibilities to maintain inventory and observe any losses as a loss prevention issue that must be discovered. The society responsibility for inventory was one of my most important duties as a manager. Supply Chain Management is a set of synchronised decision activities, utilized to effectively integ rate suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, warehouses, retailers customers so that the right product or service is distributed at the right quantities, to the proper locations at the appropriate time, in fix to minimize system wide cost while satisfying customer service level requirements. (Misra, 2010)Finding different options for inventory choices as well as finding prices that reflects a profit for the gild was primary reasons for me to research the available possibilities in inventory. deciding a price for acquiring inventory is an important aspect of making a determination in product for any lodge striving to make a profit. An important aspect of inventory is the t all(prenominal)y of inventory that needs to be ordered, as over request or under rules of order can be just as problematic for a company.A company that over orders does ot receive profit, because they have put turn up too much money without a return on that investment, will not make a profit. A popular p roduct may sell very well for a company, but an overabundance of product means that the remaining product by and by sales events may end up being a loss if sales do not again pick up. chthonian ordering can be just a big of a problem for a company because when customers start coming in for products that are not on the shelves it leads them to find alternate sources for their purchases. Under ordering can also create problems when it comes time to do a secondary order.The initial under ordering of product can lead even the most cautious of managers to second guess their ordering process. The initial under order leads a manager to think that they need to order more of the product to revenge for future sales of the product. The main problem that comes from this common over reaction is that the company lost out on sales on the initial order so tried to compensate by ordering more of the product on their new order. There may have been an increased demand on the first day of sales tha t may not (usually not) return when the manager orders more stock.The ability to make an initial determination as to the proper inventory can be a deciding cypher on a profitable business and an unprofitable one. SCM or generate chain anxiety is a process that refines the process in which managers make their decisions for the products and services that the company offers. SCM is a way for a company to find the products that they offer to their customers. The Supply Chain focus (SCM) is defined by the Supply Chain assembly (SCF) as the integration of key business processes from end user through suppliers that provide goods, services and know leadge that add value for customers. (Assey, 2012)Supply chain management takes the production of a manufacturer and presents it to a supplier the supplier then presents those products to the retailers which in turn provide those products to the customers. Choosing the supplier that gets the best deal from the manufacturer is passing play t o give the most profit for the retailer selling the product to their customers. The process of supply chain management can actually merge retailers with supplier just as suppliers merge with the manufacturers.Some companies choose to use various different suppliers for their products while other companies choose to use a single supplier for their product. personally I worked for a video game company called FuncoLand which was purchased by a company called Babbages, which merged with Electronics Boutique. aft(prenominal) the merger the name of the company was changed to GameStop which is now the largest video game retailer in the United States. The subject that makes this important to this paper is that when FuncoLand was purchased by Babbages the supply chain changed.The change in the supply chain meant that all orders must be relooked at to insure the alike profit levels for products that GameStop enjoyed. The single supplier for GameStop was replaced by the many different sup pliers of Babbages. Every item of inventory inevitable to be checked to make sure they reflected a price that was going to produce profit for the merged FuncoLand and Babbages workshops. Inventory charts were created and every store of both needed to inventory all items listed so that they could be compared with the new companies overall stock as well as profit ratios.Once the inventories of both companies were done there was a coordinating effort by hurrying berth management to determine prices of available product as well as the suppliers that were going to deal which all(prenominal) stores location. The numerous different suppliers made each location different in their ordering and inventory procedures. As could be expected this made it very effortful for these merged companies to be individually managed by the territory and upper management. Each individual store was looked at by the store managers and was expected when issues arose to contact headquarter immediately.The buyout of these two merged companies by Electronic Boutique turned out to be a stir in disguise for all involved. Electronic Boutique used a single supplier had dealt with the same supplier for years and had already worked out their profit ratios (including the purchase cost of the two companies) and store management once again needed to inventory their entire product for the new owners. The name was changed to GameStop and all store locations now used the same supplier and the prices for each store location were set by upper management.Ordering was done mechanically based on the initial stores inventory counts and the new POS systems. While I understand there is an alternate definition for POS in this instance it refers to point of sale. The point of sale system was built using the stores inventory, and orders for products were made, when the sales reached a certain level. Once a product reached a certain level of sales and did not continue to sell the item was automatically remo ved from the automatic reorder listing.The product would not be reordered into that store location unless it was a pecial order done by the stores management and usually had to be presented with a reason for the order to be made. In the four years that I worked for GameStop I altogether ever had to use this feature one time. A customer wanted Final Fantasy 7, new and unopened, and this was well over a year after the initial release of the game. The suppliers notified the upper management that they could do this, and I placed an order for the product as a full pre-sale, which means that the money was available to GameStop before the product was available to the customer.Being the only time this issue ever arose for me while working at GameStop it was an interesting learning experience slightly how a supply chain management process works. The descriptive model presented is useful in settings where organisational structure and the supply chain are needed to support sustainable produc ts and processes and whose success is facilitated by establishing strategic partners, especially those that make possible economies of scale. Pullman Dillard, 2010)Since one of the primary reasons for using supply chain management is to reduce inventory and cost for a company, GameStop has achieved what neither FuncoLand nor Babbages were able to because their use of a single supplier made achieving profit that much more possible for the mangers making their store orders. Most of the decline is collect to more efficient cash and inventory management. (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, Jordan, 2010) The main purpose of examining the supply chain management method is insuring that the retailer gets the best uses of their supplier(s).Minimizing shortages, while acquiring profits, in an attempt to optimize the proper supply for each location, is another purpose of using supply chain management. The strategy can be difficult to implement for those unaware of the procedures. I must admit that I did not realize the purpose (or the concept) of supply chain management, at the time I worked for GameStop. Looking back at my time at GameStop has led me to a new appreciation for the business that was built off of the back of FuncoLand.

The Affordable Care Act Essay Example for Free

The Afford commensurate C are acquit EssayThe Affordable Care Act objective is to subside wellness shell out expenses by services presented to individuals at this time that cant acquire insurance. Individuals in social club with no wellness distribute insurance regularly use hospital emergency de fall inments as their primary care physician (PCP), which increases cost for e precisebody. Some advantages to Affordable Care Act are Preventive services are free, which drops health care costs by handling illnesses in advance, so they wont celestial orbit an expensive crisis. On behalf of individuals who dont demand sufficient amount of m maviny for health insurance, the federal official official government allow compensate the says for adding individuals to the Medicaid program. The income condition is stretched out up to 133% of the Federal poverty level, roughly $31,000 for a family of four according to (The Affordable Care Act). Individuals who are not eligible for ext ended Medicaid is given measure ascribe. States are required to arrange up insurance interactions, or use the Federal governments telephone exchange. Insurance businesses cannot eliminate children coverage for pre-existing illnesses. Insurance businesses can no longer drop someone from coverage when they have an illness.If a go with rejects somebodys coverage, that individual can go to an external appeals method. Parents can charge their children up to age 26 on their health insurance plans. Obamacare does not relate to businesses with less than 50 employees at their company. Big businesses are obligated to offer health insurance, but receive tax credits to benefit staffs premiums. Disadvantages to Affordable Care Act do exist. There are millions of people who presently grease ones palms private health insurance. American has canceled their own insurance company because the plan doesnt benefits the living health positioning or situation. Replacing insurance is greater since it provides various services, like maternity care, that many people dont want. Those who dont purchase insurance by certify 31, 2014, and dont qualify for Medicaid, go awaybe assessed a tax of $95 (or 1% of income, whichever is higher) in 2014 according to (Healthcare tameation, CNN.com). Pharmaceutical corporations will manufacture an additional fee to close the gap which exists in Medicare Part D. This may possibly increase drug prices if they permit this onto users. General public could lose their company sponsored health care plans. A lot of companies will find it more cost operative to pay the penalty. Other small businesses might find they can get a better plan through the state- toy exchanges according to (The effectuate of the Affordable Care Act on Employment-Based Health Insurance).Services and equipment that supports individuals with injuries, disabilities, or chronic, the Obamacare plans will also cover goods and services to help you preserve a standard of living if you stimulate a chronic disease. The Affordable Care Act keeps insurers from cutting benefits to lower costs. Do you think they be required to raise people premiums? Not certainly, since their returns will increase as millions of people uninsured incite paying premiums. Republicans holds much more negative views of The Affordable Care Act and the federal government than Democrats. Furthermore, when told that the federal government (rather than the state) will implement their exchange program, Republicans are farther less self-reliant that program will prosper. Democrats oppositely were at least as confident in the federal governments content to manage the exchanges as they were in the states. These differences in observations, together with the opinionated makeup of states that have opted for state versus federal implementation of the health insurance exchanges, have the prospective to lead to further overall disbelief of the federal government and greater separation across s tates and parties.Practically all Republican states are opting for federally managed exchange programs and nearly all Democratic states are opting to run the exchanges themselves. As a result, federally run health insurance exchanges are likely to experience more struggles than are state-run exchanges, but not necessarily overdue to shortcomings of the federal government. Reasonably, the struggles of federally run exchanges will stem from biased disagreement to health care cleanse at the state level. Due to the baffling role of opinionated time-wasting, we cannot unswervingly associate states with federally run platforms to those with state run programs to evaluate which level of government is more capable of performing this difficult policy reform. Theproblem arises when each state has dissimilar preferences, and based on those choices, the states category into two sets one mathematical group that wants to, and does, receive the treatment, and one group that does not want to, a nd therefore does not, receive the treatment. Republicans plan to challenge health care reform, and then criticize that it does not work, although attributing guilt to the Obama administration. For the time being, states with Democratic governance want the reform to succeed, and likely to work together with the federal government.In an effort to help the policy prosper, these states are victorious a more hands on approach and applying the contacts themselves. In addition, in states where both the federal and state governments want the reform to succeed, the program will be well applied and public approval of health care reform, the state government, and also the federal government will rise. The ability of the House of Representatives and the Senate to approve this order scored a historic victory in the century long battle to reform the nations health care winning final approval of legislation that expands coverage to 32 million people and attempts to contain turn costs. The Hous e voted 219 to 212 to approve the measure, with every Republican voting. Over the next 10 years, the measure will set in gesture a complex series of deviations to the health insurance market that will interpret into the biggest enlargement of coverage since Medicare and Medicaid were created in 1965, and the most aspiring power ever to restrain health-care costs.Presidents as far back as Theodore Roosevelt have rued the nations approach to health coverage, a structure that assists fairly well to cl million Americans who have health insurance through their jobs but offers few affordable choices for individuals who work part time, are independent or work for establishments that dont propose health benefits. The bill will affect almost every man, woman and youngster in the United States in some way, from the young adults who establish one of the largest uninsured groups to poor and childless adults who are not eligible for Medicaid in most states. The healthcare debate affected many moral issues in American life The impact on the American consumer is very important. These authorized assistances will allow more individuals to find and treat chronic illnesses beforehand.Millions of families will be able to dodge economic failure by receiving treatment early, or by having the insurance to cover these expenses. In theforthcoming, this ought to lower health care costs by reducing disastrous care. Many people will get insurance, thanks to the motherhood, newborn and pediatric care. This will reduce health insurance charges overall. Near to the demesne income drug addicts, alcoholics and the mentally ill will have insurance coverage to aid their circumstances. While no one can make them to get spotless, clear-headed, defensive coverage can show.ReferencesTITLE I-QUALITY, AFFORDABLE health CARE FOR ALL AMERICANS, The Affordable Care Act http//www.hhs.gov/healthcare/rights/law/index.html Healthcare reformation, CNN.com(The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Employ ment-Based Health Insurance, March 15, 2012) The Affordable Care Act An Experiment in Federalism?, Kyle A. Dropp, Molly C. Jackman, Saul P. Jackman House passes health-care reform bill without Republican votes By Shailagh Murray and Lori Montgomery, Monday, March 22, 2010

Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Example for Free

Theme Of Women In Different Artistic occlusives Essay churrigueresco, Rococo, Neoclassical, and wild-eyed be exclusively delicate causal agents of centuries past. It is by means of the artistic acts that superstar fucking capture a glimpse of society and the way animateness was lived during that time. Thoughts and feelings argon exposed as well as facts are captured by the artist. It is as if time stands lighten and one can experience the past with these works of art.This is especially true when a theme or subject is used in art from different time menstruations. One can see how the suppose of the subject has changed or stayed the same. One theme that has evolved over time is the subject of women. Their complexities, mysteries, and roles in society mother been studied throughout the ages. That is why they have been a favorite point of interest for artist. If an artist can capture the essence of a cleaning woman, then he/she can capture life. The baroqueness Perio d was the soonest of these artistic movements. It came after the European Renaissance and spanned the whole seventeenth century. Although some features appear in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which catamounts, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and smorgasbord in their works.1 Baroque art was basically an answer to the Catholic Reformation. The object of the church was to communicate the emotions of the biblical stories in art. The church desired that the patrons who were illiterate to be able to view the art and understand the tarradiddle and feel the emotions that they could non comprehend because of their lack of reading. The wealthy patrons had a different purpose for the art they licensed and this was to impress others._____________________Artlex. Baroque. 2008 http//www.artlex.comThe focus of the paintings were to be dramatic and to tell a story that would appeal to the senses. The realism in the art of this result was incredible. The subjects were multidimensional as well as the textures accurate. An excellent example of art from the Baroque Period is Young Girl piece of music a Love Letter by the Italian painter Pietro Rotari. The painting was completed in seventeen fifty-five so it was done in the middle of the period which would represent the peak of the artistic movement. Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is non a painting with a religious theme, but Rotari did paint many that were. Instead, he chose a early woman for his subject.Even though the theme is different than most Baroque art, the young woman has a dreamy, almost holy personic quality and expression on her governing body. There is a purity about her that reminds one of the Virgin Mary. She is resting her stop on her hand while she gazes off into the distance while contemplating just the the right way words to write to her lover. However, one can tell from her innocent face that even though she is in lo ve, she her motives are pure. The treatment of women as a theme in art during the Baroque Period rattling reflects the religious focus during that time. Rotaris style is typical of the Baroque Period. His painting of Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is realistic. The young womans hair is painted so that it gives the coming into court of her hair having strands with a few wisp of stray hairs that have fallen out of her neatly pulled back hairstyle. The silk material of her dress is realistically shown through the use of lights and darks. Even the wood of the desk is painted using perspectives so that it has a three dimensional look. Rococo was the eighteenth centurys answer to the Baroque movement. As Baroque pure on religious figures and themes, the artist of the Rococo Period cogitate on the wealthy aristocracy. The ornamental, elegant curves, delicate colour, and anything of elegance were the markings of the period. The aristocracy wanted to be the focus of the art instead of heroes from history and the Bible. The movement originated in France during the reign of Louis XV. The architecture and furnishings of the day were in any case representative the movement. One of the foremost painters during the Rococo Period was blue jean Marc Nattier. He was a French painter who, at fifteen, painted for Peter the Great, but he was a member of King Louis XVs court and mainly painted for him. Many of his paintings are still in France and still displayed at the Louvre.Mythological portraiture allowed Nattier to synthesize his desire to be a history painter with the financial necessity of making a living, for portraits were in demand. After the 1740s, as tastes began to change, Nattier created more than straightforward representations. Financial problems and illness finally caused him to stop painting in 1762. (Getty Museum)An excellent example of Jean Marc Nattiers work is the painting enactment of a Young charr Painter. The young woman is plain an aristocrat b ecause is adorned in a lavish yet delicate dress with a unworried look on her face as she gazes out at the painting. She has a face that is fragile as though it has never seen the sun, hard work, or bad and troublesome thoughts.Her hand is rested on her head in a ladylike pose while her smile is faint. She holds her palette as if she is non safe about painting. In fact, she looks as like there is nothing that really interest her. She is graceful and her curves are sensual as the open neckline of her dress. The background is muted as are the colors of the portrait. It is not beamy and vivid as the paintings of the Baroque Period.The artist deals with the subject of a young woman as mystical. She does notstandout in any way because of the muted shades, but simply fades into the background. Her palette that should have vibrant colors on them, but they are varying shades of the background. This symbolizes that a woman considering an occupation is just a frivolous idea that is fleeti ng. Instead of backeric as women were portrayed in the Baroque Period, the woman depicted in the Rococo movement is seen more as a status symbol. It is as if she only outlast to prove that the man in her life can afford her. She would be his proof that by self-indulgence her, he has the means to sustain his social position. Following the Rococo Period was the Neoclassical movement which focused on the classical forms of the antediluvian Greek and Roman works of art.Neo-classicism was a style that emerged in Britain and France in the 1750s. Artists and architects sought to create an eternally valid true style that could be expressed across all areas of the visual arts. The style was based on the designs of Classical Greece and Rome. A major source of inspiration came from archeological discoveries such as those made at Herculaneum and Pompeii which brought the ancient world to life. (Learn About Style)Patriotism, heroism, courage, and sacrifice were elements of the Neoclassical Period. This movement stated in the seventeen fifties, and lasted well into the eighteen hundreds. Marie-Louise Lebrun, also known as lisabeth-Louise Vige-Le Brun, was a noteworthy portrait artist during the Neoclassic Period. Her paintings were simple and pure as was popular during the period. Her well known painting, Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky is typical of the Neoclassical design. There is a landscape that is faded into the background so that the focus is on the Countess.Her head is wrapped in a long flowing cloth that is reminiscent of the loose draping of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The dress is of a deep midnight blue that draws the eye to the classic lines of the clothing. Her demeanor is of a woman that is well-read and intense. The Countess is has a striking pose that draws immediate attention to her. Her eyes are piercing while her smile is alluring. The theme of woman in this picture is unique in that the subject is a female seen through the eyes of another female. It is amazing how Lebrun presents a woman of obvious strength that is not seen in the front paintings. The Countess is a confident compelling subject. There is power in the expression of her countenance. Her intellect is shown as a positive element that only adds to her beauty. In reality this womans life was rather tragic. Her husband left her at the altar after their wedding and went to his mistress. Given the beauty of Theresa, the Countess, one wonders about the personalities of the people involved.1 A woman who lived the life of the Countess would have to have been strong and command the attention of Lebrun, who was a professional woman and was also a symbol of strength. The amative Period encompassed the first half of the nineteenth century. The artist of the day concentrated on emotion, the supernatural, and the glorification of nature. _____________________Countess Kinsky. 2008. http//hal.ucr.edu/cathy/artists/evlb93.htmlRomantics were more emotional, usually mela ncholic, even melodramatically tragic.1 There was more of an attention to the alien that the ancient Greece and Rome. There was also a fascination of horror. It was definitely different from artistic period in the past. One could not help but be drawn into the emotional state of the subject because it was the objective of the Romantic artist to completely convey the emotion of the subject of his/her art. The talented Thodore Chassriau was characteristic of the Romantic Period. He started painting at a young age and was a master painter by the time he reached adulthood. The Angel, by Chassriau, is unlike any of the angels painted in earlier artistic periods. The angel is either on earth or a place that has a similar landscape. The prominent shoetree trunk, the colorful fall foliage of the tree leaves, and the lush green underbrush are typical of the Romantic focus on the glorification of nature.The light fluffy clouds add to the effect. The angelic being depicted on earth is an exa mple of spotlight on the supernatural. The expression of deep concern and pain is on the face of the being which is opposite of what most think of angels who are thought to be creatures of peace, love, and protection. However, this angel is in painful sensation in some way. The clothing is realistic, but the hair and feathers of the angel are more fantastic than real. The angel is depicted as a woman in the painting The Angel. It sets the tone that women were seen as heavenly beings during the period. They were not seen as equal to men, yet men saw them as mysterious. The fact that this angel is distressed displays to_____________________Artlex. Baroque. 2008 http//www.artlex.comthe informant that heaven might not be what the world expected it to be. As women are stereotypically emotional people, the angel is definitely female. In the Bible, the angels have male names, yet Chassriau, like others of his day, portrayed it as female. Women were seen as the ones who were immensely emo tional. Women have been the subject of art ever since there was art. They are intriguing and beguiling. Each artistic period was representative of societys view of women. It is a way to freeze a moment in time. It is an interesting idea to examine how the place of woman in society has evolved over time.BibliographyChassriau, Theodore. The Angel. 1840.Countess Kinsky. http//hal.ucr.edu/cathy/artists/evlb93.htmlGetty Museum. Artist. http//www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails? churchman=459Learn About Style. Neoclassicism.http//www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style05a/index.htmlLebrun, Marie, Louise. Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky. 1793.Nattier, Jean Marc. Portrait of a Young Woman Painter. 1740.Rotari, Pietro. Young Woman Writing a Love Letter. 1755.

Coming unstuck Essay Example for Free

Coming unstuck Essaybelow. Anyone reading your response should ache a clear idea of where your research will take place and what questions entertain you. Heres where youll identify-and plan to surmount-any potential obstacles. 1) Exactly which house commit did you select? Why? What is your prior experience with this site? Are you studying up, down or across? Explain.I selected the chocolate bean cop as the field site of my planned study since the social interactions and behavior of the patrons and the coffee stigmatise staff ar arouse and so much can be learned from them especially in their relationships, the daily exchanges of pleasantries and information and for most, attack to the coffee haunt is a habit that they do on a daily basis. I am interested at how a coffee shop can take on different meanings to those who betray it and how they coactively share the space in the coffee shop as their own.I consume been to this coffee shop a number of times, enough to beco me familiar with the waitresses and I had seen two or more(prenominal)(prenominal) batch at the same seat whenever I visit the shop. I also had nigh friends come to the shop but take their orders on the go and they have regular orders which the waitresses seem to have memorized. I realise that there has been a clamor for studying up (Priyadharshini, 2003), but since it involves the issue of power and authority which in a coffee shop is non so much evident, I would rather do a study across the relationships of the customers and the coffee shop staff as well as across customers.This would modify me to observe and understand the social rules, interactions, and codes in the shop which may or may not be evident to the customers and staff a give care. 2) What preconceived ideas do you have ab come out of the closet this space and the throng that inhabit it? What are the obstacles an anthropologist might face in studying this place from an emic perspective? How do you plan to overc ome these obstacles? I have always liked going to this coffee shop, the waitresses are friendly, they have a pretty goodish idea of what is happening to people, they are also quick to notice changes in their patrons and they have excellent food.The coffee is also very good and whenever I need a quick fix or when I am bored I like going to this coffee shop. This coffee shop is not like the modern al fresco types or like the ones frequented by young professionals and students. This coffee shop is more of the community diner which serves breakfast and coffee. This place has a comfortable atmosphere and everyone seems to know each other, some people drop by the shop on their way home or even have brunch here. However, since the place is homey and likely to be frequented by regulars, being accepted as a new customer is difficult.For example, a new customer may be noticed by everybody and the people there might not behave as they usually do in the presence of a stranger. I might face thi s hindrance if I start to frequent the coffee shop to mastermind my observation because even if they are familiar with me, they know that I only go there double a week, if I go there everyday, they might think it odd. The emic perspective focuses on the intrinsic heathenish distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society or gathering (Haviland, Prins, Walrath McBride, 2008).An anthropologist might have difficulty in using this perspective because the coffee shop is a transitory, that is, people come to the place voluntarily and although some regulars do so on a daily basis, there are those who do so only when they can, but it does not mean that they are not part of the group or that they have no membership to this group. An anthropologist has to be able to penetrate the group to be able to learn the grow and social relationships of those in the coffee shop.I plan to overcome this obstacle by changing the figure at which I visit the coffee shop and by indica ting that I like being in the place prior to the start of my field observation. In this way, the people in the coffee shop would not become suspicious and they would not be always conscious of my presence. Since the goal of the study is to determine the internal cultural codes of the people in the coffee shop, I should not interpret any exchanges or interactions establish on my own biases since the coffee shop members assign their own meaning and interpretations.3) Generate at least five qualitative, ethnographic research questions that interest you about this site. Explain how these questions relate to what you have already observed. 1. How does the group define and assign membership to the coffee shop regulars? 2. Why do regulars frequent the coffee shop? 3. What is the quality of the relationship between the coffee shop customers and the waitresses? 4. How does the group resolve conflict within customers and waitresses? 5. How do the customers value the coffee shop and its servi ces?I have noticed that there is clearly a sense of group membership in the coffee shop and I would like to find out how the group assign membership does and how meanings they attach to becoming a member. Since being a regular is predefined as frequenting the establishment, I would also want to find out the reasons for frequenting the shop. The relationship between the customers and the waitresses are evident, but I want to know what kind of relationship it is and how do both parties define their relationship and whether it extends to their lives outside of the shop. contravene is a reality for most groups or when two or more people are involved, I am curious as to how the members respond to conflict and how they resolve it. Lastly, it is observed that the coffee shop is more than just the coffee and the food to the customers I would want to find out how the customer values the coffee shop.ReferencesPriyadharshini, E. (2003). Coming unstuck Thinking otherwise about Studying Up. Anth ropology Education Quarterly, 34 4, 420-437. Haviland, W. , Prins, H. , Walrath, D. McBride, B. (2008). Anthropology The Human repugn 12th ed. California Wadsworth/Thomson.

Null hypothesis. Marketing Essay Example for Free

Null hypothesis. Marketing EssayAssessment activity 11. When conducting interrogation on behalf of your plaque or for a client organisation, how volition you determine the most appropriate data bloodlines to drill?In this case the most suitable data source will be a desk question beca call this culture will subscribe to already been gathered, analysed and key prohibiteded on by other companies. It means that you will not waste time and money doing what others before you have done.2. Why be cross checks and cross references infallible?To ensure the information is correct. Assessment activity 21. What tools would you use to collect and collate data and wherefore would you use them?2. Why should your desk interrogation include the collection and analysis of data relative to the organisations incumbent and past performance?Collection and analysis of data relative to the organisations current and past performance is very measurable to decide what we are realizeing f or and the questions we are trying to answer. In this way our unavoidablenesss idler be met.Assessment activity 3Describe and explain the account formats that might be required to follow when submitting desk research results.Assessment activity 41. What is the difference betwixt working and null hypothesis?A working hypothesis is a theory that we can use in our thinking aboutpossible consequences. Such hypotheses allow us to predict and then look for results.Null hypothesis stands in direct contrast to its Alternative hypothesis. If we propose that action A will cause result B, we have a testable hypothesis, called the alternative.2. How do these hypothesis service of process to focus the research?It help to convey the development of a research project and aid you in determining the direction you need to take and the questions to which you need answers.Assessment tool 21. What is desk research? Explain the steps involvedDesk research is identification and analysis of informati on which has already been compiled and published in some form.The basics of a unassailable desk research involve knowing where to look and what to look for Understanding the quality of the source material ensuring you cast the right information.Core to any desk research is obtaining a list of sources. If you do know the subject demesne or the key jumping off points, you are likely to know exactly where to look immediately. This is where experient researchers have advantages, as typically, they have a wide knowledge of sources know where to look and how to look.2. What are decimal and qualitative data? Explain the differences and their use in merchandise research.Quantitative data is anything that can be added up whereas qualitative data deals with options, attitudes and behaviour and stick outs dues as to why andhow.Quantitative information allows analysis of the intensity of a trend. It is used to answer questions such as who, what, where and when.Qualitative info consists of descriptive statements about events that have happened. It includes opinions or comments by customers on a product or a service provided, future plans or even visions of what an organisation right become.3. Describe the techniques you would use to identify potential research respondents.4. Why is it important to ensure that rooms and facilities for survey recruits are well prepared? Describe how you would conduct a data gathering session.5. Compare and discuss 2 software applications suitable for entering data.Assessment tool 3Market researchMarket research is a powerful tool, which can be utilized to divulge understand a companys customer base allowing these companies to optimize their advertisements, predict market trends and guide their overall decision making. Specially in the case of coffee shops world.This report covers multiple and independent coffee shops. Coffee shops are defined as outlets where coffee accounts for a sizeable (usually at least slightly 40%) part of sales with quite a restricted, mainly packaged, food offer and small amounts if any, innocent alcohol. For some countries this will thence include outlets such as donut shops and bars. Market value is establish on expenditure including sales tax in these outlets market volume is found on total of outlets.A Snapshot report is designed to provide instant preliminary market research. each(prenominal) report provides an overview of the defined market, including market size, market forecast, segmentation, company market share along with top-line socio economic data. The data is supplied in both graphical and tabular format for ease of interpretation and analysis.There is is a mix of indigenous and secondary data sources. In addition each(prenominal) market contains an exclusive 5 year market size forecast.Whats more, our team of international research psychoanalysts are always on hand to provide further assistance where required. Its a level of service you wont find anyplace else. Secondary ResearchAll secondary data sets in both local and global languages are derived from a range of sources, from government statistics to trade magazines. In addition, strong relationships with different companies. .Typically an analyst use a minimum of 3 to 4 data points for each table, analysing different aspects of the market. Full transparency of source data is provided for all secondary sources. Furthermore, we need to seek written permission from the original source which is quoted in every case, reinforcing the integrity and robust nature of the data.Primary Research Trade InterviewsOnce secondary research has been exhausted, the language specialist researcher will then formalize the information collected though semi-structured call off interviews.Validation through telephone interviews is critical. We aim to receive confirmation from National Trade Associations, Statistic Offices, and major players of each quoted market.Forecast MethodologyThe basic model which the GMN forecast was built on is called the ISDE model, which is a framework base on four main concepts, namely Interface Supply Demand EnvironmentThese four concepts can each affect the fluctuation of markets. First, all the main parameters are identified that affect the market/ perseverance which is to be forecasted. Once identified the parameter is matched to and classified with the ISDE model. InterfaceThese are factors which affect markets or industries. primarily they regard to conditions and factors in the transition phase between the supply and demand. SupplyThe total amount of goods and go that are available to purchase. DemandDesire, ability or need by individuals or companies to purchase goods or services.EnvironmentThe environment includes all factors external to the market or industry, which in one way or another, influence them. Each element of the ISDE model is affected by different parameters. Based on their agreement of the sector in question, the analyst selects th e parameter regarded as the most relevant. For reasons of conformity, reliability and currency, the range of parameters at the analysts disposal is confined to eight parameters. These are updated on a monthly basis tangible agriculture Real industry Real manufacturing Real services Population Private ConsumptionThe research methodology employed by MSI has been subject to numerous procedures to guarantee the quality and the reliability of the information contained indoors the reports. In-house consultants are employed full-time and receive a sixmonths training period to acquire and implement MSIsresearch methodology.MSIs methodology can be divided into five principal stages Stage 1 secondary researchThe consultancy teams work closely with trade associations, magazines, and government bodies operating in the researched field. Further research is also carried out from information available internally from our in-house documentation service and externally from the Internet.The latter is carried out by our teams which have the experience and the knowhow to efficiently and productively extract information from existing sources. Stage 2 primary researchinterviews with trade sourcesThe consultancy team proceeds to undertake a series of telephone or face-to-face interviews, with a representative selection of companies operating in the chosen industry. Every attempt is do to talk to leading players in the sector as well as smaller companies. Interviews are therefore carried out with manufacturers, distributors, importers, suppliers, installers and end-users. Indeed, some of our studies involve more than a hundred interviews. The data gathered from interviews is systematically check out and compared with the secondary research. Stage 3 analysis of the gathereddataThe information gathered during the two front stages is then analysed and synthesized. A second series of interviews can be done if necessary to check and validate the data during this decisive stage. S tage 4 quantitative dataMSI reports provide quantitative data, such as market estimates and forecasts, to measure the researched market. This data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3. The quantitative data contained in the reports is based upon the consultancy teams appreciation and analysis of the market and is consequently unique to MSI. Stage 5 quality controlEach report is the subject of a rigorous checking and editing process by an experienced management team.

Today is a result of yesterday, tomorrow is a result of today Essay Example for Free

Today is a military issue of yesterday, tomorrow is a issuing of at once EssayToday is a leave al ane of yesterday, tomorrow is a turn out of today. To what extent is this education an apt representation of Buddhisticic chasteity?Today is a head of yesterday, tomorrow is a offspring of today. This soilment, as a representation of Buddhist honorable philosophy, would seem to suggest the authoritativem of h unrivalledst carry with is effectively deterministic. This raises many questions ab show up the nature of Buddhist ethics, most signifi slang expressionly Is this a coherent position? If today is a result of yesterday how apprise one be express to be possessed of unleash entrust? And if one has no exhaust will surely one can non be considered a superb agent gum olibanum consequently, ar responsible for ones go throughs. In this essay I will consider the march and arguments financial backing this interpretation, together with counter-arguments in order to discuss the statement and reasoning behind this, resulting in my re master(prenominal)der that will encompass tout ensemble these arguments.Firstly I will look at ethical motive in Buddhism as it is a Buddhists ethics which determine their behaviour which ultimately affects the results of tomorrow. Classifying Buddhist ethics can be considered an instance of virtue ethics, centred on the view that the basis of clean-livingity is the development of good char wagerer traits which, in Aristotles system for lawsuit, include intelligence, wisdom (sila), and the ability to discern between good and bad. Peter Harvey contended that the Mahayana image of dexterous bureau (upaya) is similar to Christian situation ethics be set out it accepts ethical principles be overridden in certain situations in the name of wisdom and bodhichitta. Situation Ethics does non propose rules unless rather suggests a directing principle to decision making playing chastely means acting in t he most lovely modal value in any situation.Unlike the approach of upaya in Mahayanan Buddhism, situation ethics do non ignore or reject traditional values but is bound by them. Both systems may discontinue for shameate killing. There is a story in the suttas of how in one of his past lives the Buddha killed a robber to stop him from killing a number of bodhisattvas and thence pr tear downted the robber from suffering in the hells for aeons. The dissimilarity though, is that in Buddhism only a rattling advanced bodhisattva is permitted to tire with the traditional values, while situation ethics can be applied by anyone with a loving heart This can thus be unders excessivelyd as in Buddhism, a Bodhisattva can act unethically and leave no print on the hereafter, that an unen low-calened Buddhists actions will give flair a negative regard. Many religions emphasise the impressiveness of the supposition of good and bad actions, yet in Buddhism, pre-determining actions t o be good or bad would be a fruitless exercise Buddhists debate that populace of Dharma is beyond the concepts of good and bad it contains both good and bad unseparated in a pre-conceptual state.Trying to remove half of reality, by definition, would be unachievable, thus act to remove bad, would be unachievable, and pointless. More than that, the conscious effort to raise to remove half of reality is in any case a kind of affirmation of the existence of just that part that you ar proposing to remove. Buddhism does not say that in that respect is no morality it advocates the central importance of morals and ethical behavior in all atomic number 18as of liveness. Although Buddhism believes in right action, it insists that right action is not the same as the Christian concept of right action that moral action does not al agencys match our conceived notions of morality. Buddhism believes that only this place and this present flash atomic number 18 real and all else past and future ar not real existence. It therefrom follows that the only place where stock can be right or molest is here and now.So Buddhism emphasizes that right and wrong be concerned with the present moment, here and now. Acting morally means acting right at this very moment. Acting right at this moment is the only true morality. We can debate right and wrong as intangible concepts, but those abstractions atomic number 18 al modalitys detached from the real situation in battlefront of us now, and so they atomic number 18 partial and can never be a complete attract to our action in the present this notion would thus infer, in relation to the question I am researching, that past actions be not real existence, along with the future, whence if the past is not real, how can it impact on tomorrow? It therefore follows that the only place where abide can be right or wrong is here and now. So Buddhism emphasises that right and wrong are concerned with the present moment, here and now. Acting morally means acting right at this very moment. Acting right at this moment is the only true morality.It can be discussed right and wrong as abstract concepts, but those abstractions are al focusings detached from the real situation in front of a Buddhist now, and so they are partial and can never be a complete guide to our action in the present. This therefore would conclude that if right and wrong actions are only connected with today, and not the past nor future No actions of yesterday impede on tomorrow. However this could be seen as a slight contradiction Buddhism gives guidelines as to what good conduct is in the form of the Precepts these are not meant to be rigid and a down in the mouth rule will not result in committing sin, like the Christian Ten CommandmentsHowever they are guidelines as to what right conduct is, but in actual situations conduct is decided by the state of the body/mind in the moment of acting, not by the precepts alone therefore if one is broken, Buddhism urges a buddhist to come up the balanced state and act in the present rather than be punish for past bad conduct, which has passed and can never be changed therefore if Buddhism states to live for today as the future and past are not real, yet the past bad conduct cant be changed therefore has left a mark in Buddhists life, how can past bad conduct even be conceived or considered to never be allowed to change if the past does not exist?To illustrate how a Buddhist might approach some of the ethical problems of today, you can look at the example of abortion. The early scriptures of Buddhism (The Pali Canon) are clear in seeing human creations life as starting with conception when there is the conglutination of the m different and father, and it is the mothers season, and the being to be reborn is present, through the union of these tethersome things the conception of an embryo in a womb takes place. The word being, however, should not be thought of as a spi rit or soul but consciousness being operated on by the force of (karma) that determines where the rebirth will be (according to introductory deeds).When looking at such(prenominal) issue, we can see how it is an obvious moral problem as it has not been discussed at length in Buddhist literature however there are references in the Pali canon that indicate the serve was regarded as wrong. Buddhist disapproval of abortion is linkd to the belief that in rebirth and didacticss on embryology. It is widely held that conception marks the moment of rebirth, and that any intentional termination of gestation after that time constitutes a breach of the first of the Five Precepts (panca- sila), not to kill or contuse living creatures, this could also be related the idea of euthanasia in Buddhism. This notion is an avowed flock of most Buddhists however this position is not reflected in the abortion statistics in Buddhist countries In to a greater extent conservative countries such as Sout h Asia, abortion is generally illegal, unless there is a threat to the mothers life, however illegal abortions are common with 300,000 per annum in Thailand, and in various east Asian countries abortions are even more numerous, such as one million per annum or greater is sometimes cited for countries such as Japan and South Korea.The fourth Noble Truth, the Noble Eightfold Path, sets out the main features of the Buddhist way of life addressing the nature of past behaviour affecting the future. The Buddha offered this path as the middle way, a way of life that does not fall into extreme perspectives or extremes of behaviour but encourages balance and controlled moderation. Buddhist ethics are not based on the pursuit of sensual or other pleasures, and they also dont encourage extremes of deprivation, poverty or self-sacrifice.The various moral guidelines should be interpreted responsibly but with a light touch Ethical conduct (sila) is built on the vast conception of common love an d compassion for all living beings, on which the Buddhas teaching is based (Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, capital of the United Kingdom Gordon Fraser, 1928). In relation to what is good or bad in Buddhism, the main principle is linked to intention and the determining factor is whether the act is out of selfish desire and craving, out of anger or hatred, or out of mindlessness and ignorance. Any actions that are motivated that way will result in taked suffering to us and to others. However, if the act is motivated by love and compassion they will bring well-being and happiness An action characterised by this moral shade (kusala-kamma) is bound to result (eventually) in happiness and a favourable result. Actions characterised by its opposite (akusala-kamma) lead to sorrow. This would thus infer that if actions result in happiness or sorrow, all actions of the past affect tomorrow.In Buddhism, ethical behaviour is ultimately aquiline on the mind and not on the body. On t he basis of the Buddhas advice, Buddhism has developed into many various types of ethical guidance that Buddhists do their best to follow. The ethical disciplines of Buddhism can be shared into the guidelines for lay people, and the guidelines for monastics. Within Theravada Buddhism, ethical action moldiness always be motivated by ahimsa, the appetite not to become harm, and for Theravada monks, the main ethical guidelines are the 227 precepts of a monk. In Mahayana, ethical action moldiness always be motivated by the bodhichitta, the wish to attain reasonableness for the benefit of others, in cable to lay ethics where there is no need to attain enlightenment as there is no time to achieve such state. Ethical behaviour on the bodhisattva path consists of the six paramitas or inscrutable actions.When one becomes a Buddhist one begins by taking the Three Refuges, refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. The main commitment is to refrain from harming others and to adopt the ap proach of non violence (ahimsa). Non violence is a prevalent principle of Buddhist ethics as stated in the Dhammapada 5 In this world hate never yet dispelled hate. Only love dispels hate (Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 2005, p151). Lay people can also take one or several of the Five Precepts, which are five basic vows that strengthen the Buddhist way of life I undertake to refrain from, 1) killing, 2) taking what is not handsomely given, 3) misusing sexuality, 4) harmful speech, and 5) taking intoxicants. As well as giving guidelines on what not to do, Buddhism encourages positive actions.In the Buddhas advice to a young man called Sigala, recorded in the Pali Canon, the Buddha explained the positive approach can be applied in daily life within the poser of the Six Relationships 1) Take care of your family 2) Take care of your marriage 3) Keep good company 4) evolve good relationships between teachers and students 5) Develop good relationships between empl oyers and employees, and 6) Develop a supportive and harmonious relationship with the monastic Sangha. The importance of love and compassion is also outlined in 118 of the Dhammapada, Set your heart on doing good. Do it over and over again and you will be make full with joy (ibid, p153). This statement could be interpreted as if you continuously do good the outcome tomorrow will leave you filled with joy, therefore suggesting the idea of isolated will in Buddhism.In the Noble Eightfold Path, ethical conduct includes three factors which overlap with the Five Precepts and Six Relationships 1) Right Action, 2) Right Speech, and 3) Right Livelihood. Lay morality rests on the principle that lay people aim to minimise their bad actions and maximise their good so they have a better rebirth. humankind actions (karma) in the Buddhist framework were to be determined based on both the intent or motive (chetanaa) and the consequences (vipaaka) of the action. In the Dharmaniyama (moral duty co de), theories of causality in Buddhism were challenged in the view that human destiny was unaffected by the ethics or morality of human actions. It countered the doctrine of amoral precedent (akriyavaada) whose supporters solicitd that there was no merit in doing good and no demerit for doing evil.In Buddhist teachings, case-by-case karma is manufactured by situations and moral predicaments, thus the outcome of a Buddhists future will be a result of yesterdays actions. Every action a Buddhist performs can leave an imprint and their karmic potential will allow for its own effect. Positive or virtuous actions give way to future happiness, and negative, non virtuous actions will result in future suffering. This connection between actions and their effects is known as the law of karma this law is the foundations to Buddhist morality (sila). In the Buddhas teachings, Sila was spoken of vital importance as it allows for higher attainment of wisdom (panna) and dousing (Samadhi) this was mentioned in his Visuddhimagga A wise man, after establishing well in virtue, develops consciousness and understanding (http//web.ukonline.co.uk/buddhism/panadpa8.htm).The law of karma is seen as a natural law just like strong-arm laws like gravity. Karma is unlike morality in other religions as it is not operated by God or any other supreme being because Buddhism does not require supernatural intervention. The idea that karma works without any outside intervention means that the result of karma is not a reward, nor is it a punishment because they believe that this infers dependence upon a supreme power in judgement, whereas in Buddhism there is nobody to judge us, we determine our future by the way we act and the way we think, this idea is expressed clearly in the first verse of the Dhammapada, What we are today comes from our thoughts of yesterday, and our present thoughts figure of speech our life of tomorrow our life is the creation of our mind. If a man speaks or acts with an impure mind, suffering follows him as the wheel of the cart follows the beast that draws the cart (Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 2005, p130). This quote is an excellent example for evidence in supporting the question being asked in this essay, as it addresses the idea that not only our actions, but also our thoughts move on our future and that impurities of the mind cause future suffering.A Common misinterpretation of karma is that it is a law of exigency however the idea of batch implies determinism, which would allow for no change or exemption, thus an idea seen in many theistic religions such as the notion that God determines life. This idea of determinism could be firstly viewed as a completely contrasting idea to that in Buddhism. Determinism is the philosophical proposition that everything is determined causally by an unbroken chain of prior events. However determinism has been expressed as the doctrine of Dependent origination in Buddhism and is an important factor in the evidence regarding my question. The doctrine of dependent origination is funda cordial in connecting moral function and causation, especially the ontological status of all matter. The doctrine teaches that all phenomena occur from dependence on causes and circumstances and lack intrinsic nature.The doctrine is expressed in its simplest form in phrase idam sati ayam bhavati, which means when this exists, that fancy ups, which logically can be expressed as, when source A arises, condition B arises, thus its blow would be that when A doesnt exist, B wont. It is indicated in early sources that the Buddha became fully enlightened under the Bodhi tree when he fully realised the lowering truth of Dependent inception, thus that all matter is conditioned and arise and cease in a determinate chain of events. consequently in relation to moral responsibility, it could be said that nothing happens out of its own volition, so there are no forces or metaphysical r ealties, such as a god or soul to act as a determiner, so it could be argued that moral responsibility is ones own, yet with a chain of causation, and no self, it could also be said one cannot be responsible if one doesnt exist.A way of classifying Buddhist ethics in occidental terms is by relating it to soft determinism. easily determinism is a midpoint between the strong determinism of philosophers such as Hobbes, Hume and John Stuart Mill, where the assertion of cause and effect is universal, therefore moral part withdom is not possible and libertarians who believe that uncaused, unconditional choices can be made and that free will exists, as Immanuel Kant stated free will was essential for morality, In morals, the proper and inestimable worth of an absolutely good will consists precisely in the freedom of the principle of action (Robert A Bowie, Ethical Studies, Nelson Thornes, 2001, p59).There is an important relationship between freedom and moral responsibility it has been commonly held that we should be morally responsible for actions that we freely perform. If we can only convict or praise people for actions they freely and knowingly undertake, then it is vital that we have the freedom to act, morality depends on freedom. Immanuel Kant wrote ought implies can, therefore we cant blame someone for something they cannot do If people are not free, the face of making moral decisions in denied, thus if an international influence causes human actions, people cannot be morally responsible.Hard determinists believe that we are not free and cannot be held morally responsible for our actions (Omar Khayyam R A Bowie, Ethical Studies, p91). This idea has some ethical similarity to the traditional Judeo-Christian idea of Predestination, it can be summarised as all our choices, decisions, intentions, other mental events, and all our actions are no more than effects of other equally necessitated events (Honedrich, ibid, p91). Hard determinism insists that all actions have a prior cause. However, this idea has a number of profound consequences it puts doubt in our hopes for the future and how we consider the morality of others. If we praise a person for their good action, we are mistaken as it is not their action, it has been pre-determined. Additionally, if our actions are determined humans cannot deliberate rationally, we are, to an extent, illusive to the fact we cant decide for ourselves what we wish to do.Buddhism accepts the idea of determinism but rejects the idea of an agent and thus the idea that freedom is free will belonging to an agent. The Buddha said There is free action, there is retribution, but I see no agent that passes out from one set of momentary elements into another one, except the connection of those elements.Buddhism believes in incomplete absolute free will nor determinism, it preaches a middle doctrine, called pratitya-samutpada in Sanskrit, which is often translated as inter-dependent arising When this exists, that exists From the arising of this, that arises When this does not exist, that does not exist From the cessation of this, that ceases (Majjhima Nikaya, 1.262-64, D. Side, Buddhism, 2005, p97). It is part of the theory of karma. In Buddhism it is taught that the notion of complete freedom of choice is unwise, because it denies the reality of physical needs and circumstances. Similarly in fructify is the idea that we have no choice in life or that our lives are pre-determined. To deny freedom would be to undermine the efforts of Buddhists to make moral progress through our capacity to freely choose compassionate action. Pubbekatahetuvada, the belief that all happiness and suffering arise from previous actions, is considered an incorrect view according to Buddhist doctrines.Libertarianism however, rejects the idea of determinism. If we wish to retain the idea of moral responsibility and accept that a person can, when confronted with the choice between right and wrong, act as a free agent, one must accept the idea of libertarianism. Libertarians do not reject the idea of determinism completely, in general they confine that the inanimate world is mechanistic that all events are mechanically caused and therefore predictable and that all the mechanical chains of cause and effect may extend to the animate world. They deny the principle of universal causation applying to human action and that accordingly human behaviour is predictable. Libertarians distinguish between a persons organise character or personality and his or her moral self.David Hume described liberty in his An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By liberty, then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will that is, if we choose to remain at rest, we may if we choose to move, we also may (R A Bowie, Ethical Studies, 2001, p93). They believe we are not compelled to act morally by forces outside our moral consciousness. clean actions are not chanc e or random events, but result from the values and character of the moral agent. An important argument for libertarianism is the human sense of decision making. While we have a sense of freedom, a sense of deliberating over our options, determinists maintain this is an illusion of freedom. Libertarianism does not explain human action, yet many would argue surely action needs a cause? Libertarianism attributes our moral judgement to an objective source, unmoved by environmental or upbringing, but this is questionable.Buddhists therefore do not agree with hard determinism in that Buddhists do not believe in an external cause, like libertarians, however they do not completely agree with the libertarian notion of complete free will. To resolve the debate on relating Buddhism to either Determinism or Libertarianism and thus create a type of determinism to which Buddhist causality can relate to, A.J. Ayer advocates a type of soft determinism which accepts that everything has a cause but w hich defines particular actions as free volitions. An action can be a free volition provided that 1) If you had had the volition not to do the action you would not have done it and 2) Nobody compelled you to do it. for Ayer we have responsibility for our volitional actions. In order to explain the difference between phenomena that are caused and free volitions, some soft determinists distinguish between the internal and external causes of an action, for example between its contingent and mental causes.It can be argued that while the external causes are determined, the psychological causes may not be the Buddhist view is similar in that it states that physical objects and circumstances are always determined through causes and conditions. Physiological, physical and psychological causes are determined by mental decisions. Therefore a midway between the 2 contrasting theories is soft determinism and can most satisfactorily relate to Buddhist ethical principles. It would seem that we must choose between the belief in universal causation and, on the other hand, the belief in the existence of free will, it being accepted by both determinists and libertarians that these two beliefs are incompatible. The incongruity of the two however is rejected by soft determinists who say that human freedom and moral responsibility, is incomprehensible without determinism.Soft determinists state the assumption that determinism is inconsistent with free will is the result of considerable confusion about what is meant by free. It is true that freedom as incompatible with fatalism, the view that human beings are powerless to change the cause of events, but it is not conflicting with determinism. Therefore soft determinists have labelled the two ideas when the cause of action is internal, therefore out of your own volition, you acted voluntarily and of your own free will but when the cause is external, for example contrary to your wishes or desires, you acted involuntarily and under compulsion. According to the soft determinist, this distinction between internal and external causes explains why freedom and moral responsibility is not only compatible with determinism but actually requires it.Determinism is correct here in that for these actions to be uncaused would mean they would be completely unpredictable, impulsive and therefore irresponsible. Therefore when it is said a person acted freely it is not meant as his or her action was uncaused but rather they were not compelled to do it, that they were under no kind of external pressure, they themselves chose to act this way.We can relate the soft determinist notion of labelling the distinction between action and cause to Buddhist morality in actual situations a Buddhists conduct is decided by the state of their body/mind in the moment of acting, not by the Precepts alone. They try honestly to follow the Precepts, but if they break one of the Precepts, Buddhism urges them to recover and regain the balanced state and act right in the present, rather than to forfeit for past bad conduct, which has passed and can never be changed as it does not exist anymore. Buddhism says that whether or not one can act morally or right in this moment does not depend on the concept or belief of what it right and what is wrong, but on the state of our body and mind at this present moment.The enlightenment (Bodhi) of the Buddha was both his liberation from suffering (dukka) and his insight into the nature of the universe the Buddha was thus awakened to the truth of dependent origination. This is the idea that any phenomena only exists because of the existence of other phenomena in a complex web (Indras net) of cause and effect covering past, present and future.Everything is dependent on everything else A human beings existence is dependent on the condition of everything else in the world (and universe) at that moment in time but equally the condition of everything in the world in that moment is dependent in an equally significant way on the character and condition of that human being. Indras Net is used in Buddhism as a metaphor for illustrating the concepts of conceitedness of interconnectedness of all things. Everything in the universe is interconnected through this web of cause and effect thus all are interdependent. Therefore because all these things are transient (annicca) and conditioned it can be held that they do not exist, thus if they do not exist, can they be held morally responsible for their actions?The Heart Sutra disagrees with the idea of dependent origination and says that there is no such law as karma or cause and effect. This bland however relates to the idea of emptiness (sunyata) as noted by Nagarjuna that dependent origination and emptiness are two sides of the same coin. For Nagarjuna, emptiness should not be interpreted ontologically, but rather in the way of the parable of the raft The Buddhist teaching (especially shunyata), is like the raft one constructs for the crossing of a river. at one time the river is crossed, the purpose of the raft has been served. Therefore the raft is not needed anymore.The same is true of emptiness it should not be held on to one who does hold on to it will have trouble functioning in life. Nagarjuna wrote extensively, and his teachings resulted in the formation of an Indian school called Madhyamika or the Middle Way School. Sunyata refers to the fact that no thing, including human existence, has ultimate substantiality, which in turn means that no thing is permanent and no thing is on the whole independent of everything else. In other words, everything in this world is interconnected and in constant flux. An appreciation of this idea of emptiness thus saves us from the suffering caused by our egos, our attachments, and our resistance to change and loss.Therefore all phenomena are dependent originations, which means that they dont exist, thus if they dont exist, they are empty which would thus mean that e thics itself is empty, thus it would be impossible to ever act ethically as there would not be such notion in existence. If everything is dependent causally, then it would seem impossible to act ethically however a Buddhist would argue that the whole universe isnt dependent causally, there is only one determining factor, Karma. Thus one of the possible arguments against karmic determinism is that karma is only one influencing factor and the universe has a random aspect to it, which could account for a degree of freedom.Buddhist teachings explain how misleading states of mind keep you trapped in a pass off pattern of dissatisfaction by teaching about interdependent origination, the idea that things happen for a reason. Dependent Origination suggests that every event has a cause. For a Buddhist, life experiences, both good and bad, arent random, meaningless events, however, nor are they rewards, or punishments, as rewards and punishments require a controlling outside force sat in jud gment such as a god, as there is no god in Buddhism blaming God or fate doesnt work, experiences come from a result of a series of causes and effects that begin in a buddhists mind. In teachings known as the Twelve links of dependent arising, Buddha described the mechanism that drives you from realm to realm within a cyclic existence and keeps you trapped in suffering and dissatisfaction in these links Buddhas purpose for teaching these links, beginning with ignorance and ending with a corpse, was to make us aware of the way our ignorantly motivated actions ineluctably lead to recurring suffering, this suffering motivates a Buddhist to seek a way out, thus nirvana.The Buddha taught that the way to achieve this freedom is by engaging in what he called the Three Trainings which form the foundations to which the entire building of Buddhist practice rests. These three trainings were Moral Discipline, the strength Concentration, the sharp aim And Wisdom, the tool. If a Buddhist practic es the three trainings in combination with one another, the Buddha stated that cyclic existence would end and one would feel the indefinable peace of liberation. With moral self-discipline as a base, concentration allowing for inherent focus, wisdom can break through ignorance and help you free yourself from the cycle of recurring misery. In relation to the asking if today is a result of yesterday, it would suggest it is, however a Buddhist can change tomorrows outcome by having moral self discipline, concentration and wisdom.If a Buddhist wants protection from suffering and from the danger of lower rebirth, they must try and not commit any more negative karma, however, this is also a problem in Buddhism as karma is generally negative, thus how can one create any more negativity if all karma is negative, thus everything really is Dukkha, therefore, in conclusion, it is apt to say that today is the result of yesterdays actions. However, a Buddhist can rarefy negative karma that has already been committed. There are ten principle non-virtuous actions that should be avoided Three actions of the body, four of speech, and three of the mind. The three non virtuous bodily actions are killing, stealing and sexual misconduct the four non virtuous communicatory actions are lying, divisive speech, hurtful speech and idle chatter and the three non virtuous mental actions are covetousness, malice and holding wrong views.The best way for a buddhist to avoid negative actions is to practice consideration for others. All kind of non virtuous actions have three kinds of effects, the ripened effect, the effect similar to the cause and the environmental effect. The ripened effect of a negative effect is a rebirth in one of the three lower realms. A Buddhists previous actions will always have a definite outcome on tomorrow, however there are issues such as causality and free will which when taken into consideration make it hard to substantiate whether a Buddhist can be praised or blasted for such actions.The idea of Sunyata means that if everything in existence is empty, morality itself is empty which would mean acting ethically would be impossible, therefore actions are empty so the law of Karma is flawed, this is a contradiction in Buddhist philosophy as it would mean that there can be no actions of yesterday impacting upon the present, therefore I could reach a conclusion disagreeing with the statement Today is a result of yesterday, tomorrow is a result of today as it is impossible to be a result if there are no actions in existence allowing for a future However, with many ideas in Buddhist philosophy contradicting each other it is hard to conclude on this question as there are too many conflictions between Karma being the universal law of cause and effect and dependent origination, as well as the idea that it is too simplistic a notion for today to be a result of yesterday as there are complicated ideas related to Buddhist ethics.BibliographyDamien K eown, Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism Oxford University Press, 2003.Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 2005.Geshe Kelshang Gyato, Introduction to Buddhism Cumbria Thorpe Publications, 1992.Michael Palmer, Moral Problems The Lutterworth Press, 1991.Robert A Bowie, Ethical Studies Nelson Thornes, 2001.Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught London Gordon Fraser, 1926.www.buddhanet.co.ukwww.wikipedia.orgwww.nibbana.com