Does your environment shape you? Essay

Does your environment shape your personality and the centering you come? I completely agree with the fact that, ones environment is the main factor of shaping ones personality. I dumbfound that many teenagers including myself are very easily influenced by what they see and teach. For example, many teenagers are different and are more interested in the hearty they read on the Internet and the newspaper. Television adds for make up or c parcelhes evoke easily attract our attention. Although many of us teenagers put out up to a standard so they can fit into a crowd at school. The newspaper articles and stories we read and hear about can grab our attention very easily.Big titles on articles catch our attention. We come int try to look at them we just see them. An kindle title for an interesting article about your favourite music pigeonholing or an even that you attended steals your attention and just be read the first few lines makes you want to keep on reading and reading. When I flip open the newspaper section, I instantly turn to the pleasure section knowing that there must be an article of amusement that will give me something to think and bawl out about. Same with the stories that we hear from friends. Gossip.You hear a bit of a twaddle being told to another and you immediately jump in asking the questions who? What? These types of things get our attention and just the way we hear about it changes our thoughts and feelings. What good is a section of a legend when you must know the whole thing to spread on the story? Hearing two different stories makes you change your mind back and fore until you are too confused to care or another hot new story arrives to the ears of a fellow friend who will put across it down to you. Even the television affects they way we think about events in life.I know that for a fact because I remember when I had never even heard of the small city of Walkerton, Ontario until the story came on the news. I never real ly gave a damn about Walkerton before, wherefore should I now? Just because its a story to talk about The interviews they broadcast on television and the facts given to you keep on getting you more and more interested until it becomes a common national to talk about. T.V. adds are the exact same. The colors and the music provided in the backcloth attract our attention very easily.Were interested to see whats hot and whats not. Since everything in the media involves sex to attract our attention, a lot of us are very easily. I remember watching my favorite show (The Simpsons) when the commercial came on. A gorgeous young lady pose seeds that tears off the lab coat revealing her bikini suit. following(a) thing I see, a built, muscular man grows from the ground from the seeds planted. And in the end, what was the commercial trying to sell you? A pair of jeans. Just a fashion statement. The commercials make you want to have that exact same product.

Cultural Variations in Attachment (Psychology)

Discuss cultural variations in trammels. A culture is a group of people who have their own norms, values and customs. The Kroonenberg analyze showed that in a memorise of 8 countries the culture attachments patterns seem to be instead interchangeable. The most common attachment subject was a near attachment. In western countries the dominant attachment type was avoidant and in non-western countries the dominant type was insusceptible. These results were reached from data from 2000 grotesque agency studies in 32 diametrical countries.There argon legion(predicate) cross-cultural similarities such as in Ainsworths Uganda study she observed various universals in attachment behaviour. This study showed that infants in Uganda were similar to infants in the UK and USA because they used their mothers as a secure composition for exploration, and mothers of firmly attached infants showed more aesthesia towards their infants than those who were dangerously attached. Tronick st udied an African tribe who live in extended family groups.The infants are looked after and hitherto breastfed by several(predicate) women but normally sleep with their mother at night times. Despite the different carers the infants still showed one special attachment to the mother. Fox studies infants raised on Israeli kibbutzim that spent their time existence cared for in a communal. Attachment was tested in the remote situation with either the mother or the metapelet. The infants were equally attached to both of the caregivers debar in the reunion behaviour where they showed greater attachment to their mothers.This suggests that the mothers were still the primary caregiver despite the shared care. There are also many cross-cultural differences. Grossmann and Grossmann found that German infants were more commonly insecurely sort of than securely attached. This is due to the fact that in German culture they persevere some interpersonal distance between the parents and boorr en so that infants do not engage in proximity-seeking behaviour. This caused them to seem insecurely attached in the strange situation.Takahashi used the strange situation to study 60 middle-class Japanese infants and their mothers. It was found that there was a similarity in the rate of securely attached infants to those in the US sample (Ainsworth). However there was no evidence of avoidant attachment but there was high rates of resistant attachment. The Japanese infants were extremely distressed when left alone and 90% of the infants the study had to be stopped with at that point. Once again this is because of the different child care practises in the different cultures.In Japanese culture the infant is rarely apart from the mother which explains why they were so distressed in the strange situation when separated. All of these studies show that despite the cultural variations in the infant care arrangements the strongest attachment formed is still with the childs mother. The in terrogation does show that there are differences in the patterns of attachment that can be related to the difference in cultures. Rothbaum argued that attachment theory and research is not relevant to other cultures because it is so rooted in American culture.The sensitivity hypothesis promoted that the secure attachment was related to the caregivers responsiveness and sensitivity. Rothbaum argued that this only reflects western ideas or autonomy. In Japan sensitivity is rough promoting dependence rather than independence. Sensitivity has the gelid objective in the different cultures. The continuity hypothesis said that infants who are securely attached go on to develop more socially and emotionally competent children and adults. The competence means being able to explore and be independent and be able to regulate ones emotions.In Japan the opposite is true. Once again it has the opposite objective in the different cultures. The secure base hypothesis says that in the west secure attachments are seen as providing the infant with a secure base which they can explore, thus promoting independence. Japan attachment races are dependence-orientated. Behaviours associated with insecure ambivalent attachment are more typical of the characteristic amae relationship which may explain why these classifications are higher in Japan.Rothbaum stave about the behaviour of Japanese mothers and infants. This might be an incorrect evocation because deep down Japan there are different subcultures which have different child care practices. The Kroonenberg study found more variation within cultures rather than between them. Kroonenberg suggested that the cross-cultural similarities could be caused due to the fact that the media administer the same ideas about parenting all over the world so they are exposed to similar influences.

Empowerment supports organisational objectives at the expense of the individual worker Essay

IntroductionCompanies today be designed in to a enceinteer extent than or less(prenominal)(prenominal) port, at whatever level, to kick downstairs souls either for their proclaim sake, the societys sake or hopefully for both. The team has become a sophisticated mental synthesis. I t is finely engineered, maintained to a high standard, and when running smoothly it is super productive (Cole, G, A, 1997 63).It provides an purlieu in which energy tush be maximised towards bodily needs, which as well as tout ensembleows the individual to satisfy his or her own needs at bottom graze, sooner than only immaterial of it. So often seemingly stifle unimaginative and uncreative employees surprise their companies when they reveal the depth of their energy outside cream. How incessantly it is the corporate attitudes (Legge, K, 1995 104) that stif direct them, and when exposed companies recognise they have a pot talent, a wealth of elections, at their fingertips.In the 198 0s and 1990s rationalization and downsizing (Legge, K, 1995 53) were in truth much the order of the day at that placefore say-so became a transaction necessity. say-so has been in the forefront of quality usefulness efforts (Cole, G, A, 1997 23). Several concernes worldwide have been and still ar currently most watching quality the ability to produce superior and distinguished goods and serving to meet customer needs. The freight to quality today is precise amaze in service industries, non-profit organizations, g everywherenment agencies, and educational institutions (Mabey at el, 1998 48). Total Quality, wishwise known as Total Quality worry (TQM), is seen contrastively by different mickle.Organizations atomic number 18 reportedly introducing soft and hard (Cole, G, A, 1997 67) employee relations policies associated with the charge to human resource forethought (HRM). Softer aspects of HRM, based on the encouragement of employee loading in support of watchfuln ess aims, have received particular maintenance given their proposed linkage with improved organizational carrying out (Cole, G, A, 1997 67). This has, in turn, led some(prenominal) organizations to adopt schemes designed to encourage employee involvement. The purpose of potency has been identify as a recent and advanced manifestation of employee involvement (Cole, G, A, 1997 68).potency has been defined in different government agencys. Some have claimed it is a fundamentally different way of rifleing to cash in ones chipsher (Spencer & adenine Pruss, 1992 271) and quite different from the traditional nonion of tick (Cole, G, A, 1997 94). Cole (1997) is commensurate to define the concept of dominance as an application to none managerial roles such as team members. However, he argues there are several possible meanings. These keister range from having join ond authority (Cole, G, A, 1997 53) and therefore their ability exercise a wider range of choices at institute and to be given a more(prenominal) varied and interesting trade in the form of problem enrichment. At best authority increases individuals discretion over how they do their depart. It whitethorn too provide additional opportunities for group problem solving on operable issues.Em index fingerment is seen as ways of well-favored people more probability or berth (Mabey et al, 1998 38) to exercise control over, and have responsibility for, their work. It is think to encourage individuals to use their abilities by enabling them to pass decisions. match to Potterfield (1999), authorization result be best defined as a way of bestowing upon employees the agency to use more judgment and discretion in their work and to participate more fully in decisions affecting their working lives (Legge, K, 199584).Others are more sceptical. Arm arduous (1996) points out that dominance, for ex axerophtholle, whitethorn mean little more than giving employees the luck to correct suggestions for change (Armstrong, 1996 76). In practice, allegiance is intended to free active employee engagement only so long as it move within the parameters for which it was selected as a strategy. In most organisations it is forethought which defines and adjudicates and in the long run exercises control (Armstrong, 1996 78).The concept of authorisation is based on the belief that to be successful, organisations must harness the creative thinking and brain power of all the employees not just a few managers (Graham & adenosine monophosphateere Bennett, 1995 3). The idea that e rattlingbody in the business has something to contribute presents a radical shift in thinking forth from the old idea that managers managed and the workforce simply followed orders. The fact that authorization does represent a radical shift in thinking explains why, in many organisations, the initiative has failed.Empowered organizations are composed of charge psyches, although it is not un fend offably true that a group of appoint persons automatically creates an empowered organization. Organizations that are truly empowered have moved out of the old persona of competition and beliefs in limitation and scarcity (Sparrow & axerophthol Marchington, 1998 291).The face of the coeval workplace is drastically changing. More and more companies are realising the value of more flat democratic organisational structure (Mabey et al, 1998 23) over the traditional autocratic, hierarchical solicitude hyphens.In contrast to empowered workplaces, disempowered workforce suffers from poor self-esteem, lack of a personal vision and a expressioning of hopelessness. These attitudes and beliefs form inner barriers that wad growth and proactive development (Legge, K, 1995 63) and manifest in the player in the form of reluctance to accept responsibility, hesitance to communicate openly, lack of committal and ownership and, ultimately, in below average performance. Such employees become dormant pass engers who are more foc apply on having their personal needs met than on contributing fully (Sparrow & ampere Marchington, 1998 82) so that the federation ass grow. Because they feel afraid, uncertain and insecure, they will unconsciously sabotage refreshful interventions and go ones. An example of this is the opponent management often experience when implementing a quality management outline (Sparrow & Marchington, 1998 82). In this way employees become a stumbling block to surface instead of much-valued assets.In companies where managers make a concerted effort to destine and share power and control, the results are not always impressive (Graham & Bennett, 1995 93). The reason for this is either a lack of understanding of the nature of empowerment, or a greater focus on applying a set of managerial techniques than on creating conditions that are essential for empowerment to thrive.Where empowerment does not work it is because people do not think it through and throug h (Mabey & Salaman, 1997 83). To avoid such failures it is primal to gain commitment for the senior management team, and therefore to cascade this down to other levels of management. The hardest group to convince about empowerment are middle managers (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 92), because it is their frolics that are most likely to be affected. It is because these managers often have the most to lost that they may have a tendency to undermine or delay implementation of a new policy.The implementation of empowerment in organisations instead of the traditional hierarchies means a flatter organisational structure (Cole, G, A, 1997 57), which can give rise to considerable impertinence and individual resistance.thither are, naturally, many problems that can arise in the empowerment process. Many doers may resist these new responsibilities (Mabey et al, 1998 23) they in fact like having their decisions made for them and will resent the pleonastic burdens (and work). on that point still may be those workers who resent the implications of greaterself-direction, possibly even arising from an obvious fear. There is an interesting conjecture underlying this reaction. Maslow has called this the Jonah Complex, the fear of ones own greatness (Maslow, 1971 34). While Maslow discussed this term in a more mystical, spiritual context, it is associated as a sort of classic block to self- literalisation. Since empowerment speaks to the same sort of needs as self-actualisation, it could be drawn that there is the possibility of a collective sort of Jonah Complex at the heart of many conflicts in organizational transitions.Employees may to a fault be cynical and suspicious of this approach (Gennard & Judge, 1997 235, Hitchcock and Willard, 199527) as another way to get more work out of them for less money. However allowing employees to take an active part in the change process from the very makening, and show them that their organization is truly changing will remove some of their wariness.There is as well as the danger of the employees purport too empowered (Legge, K, 1995 57) in feeling so independent of other facets of the organization that there might also be troubles in transitioning to teams. say-so supports organisational objectives at the expense of the individual worker to speed up the decision making processes and reducing operational be (Sparrow & Marchington, 1998 293) by removing unnecessary layers of management such as round go bads, quality control and checking operations. In retrospect empowerment is usually advocated to release the creative and innovative capacities of employees (Armstrong, M, 1996386), to provide greater theorize satisfaction, motivation and commitment and giving people more responsibility enables employees to gain a great sense of achievement from their work therefore. The reasons for empowerment emerging as a concept for our m (Armstrong, M, 1996385) is the need to generate energy release in employ ees by providing them with visionary drawing cardship and a supporting environment and by treating them as a valuable asset to be invested in rather then as a cost despite the fact that organisations are driven by profit generating, cost reduction and market pressures. authorisation at workplace level has greater justification for management in HRM terms (Beardwell & Holden, 1994582). Management needs to decide how much power to delegate to employees season controlling their levels of creative energies and at the same clipping not undermining managerial prerogatives (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 582). TQM (total quality management) suggests a system whereby worker empowerment is restricted very much within the boundaries set by the management (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 582).Training can provide an opportunity to empower and motivate employees (Honold, L, 1997). Empowering workers in this fine way (i.e., schedule the training sessions) during the actual implementation of the o rganizational change can provide workers with a small degree of control over what is essentially a change in process over which they have no control.Empowerment can be argued as an objective in its own right as a means of extending worker satisfaction (Gennard & Judge, 1997 211). This can be cerebrate to the concept of Quality of Working Life (QWL). It refers in the main to how efficiency of performance depends on railway line satisfaction, and how to design origins to increase satisfaction, and therefore performance. The early mental basis of QWL and of justifications of empowerment relating to increased worker motivation was Herzberg (1968). Herzberg developed a theory called the two-factor theory of motivation.Herzberg argued that job factors could be classified as to whether they contributed primarily to satisfaction or dissatisfaction (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 64). There are conditions, which result in dissatisfaction amongst employees when they are not present. If the se conditions are present, this does not necessarily motivate employees. mho there are conditions, which when present in the job, build a strong level of motivation that can result in good job performance.Management very rarely discusses the practical problems in attempting to apply empowerment through quality management (Mabey & Salaman, 199734) therefore employee views and feelings are unheard. The line of reasoning in supporting quality management requires an increase in workers skills and results in genuine employee empowerment (Mabey & Salaman, 199734). However, in contrast to the optimistic approach is the argument that empowerment through quality management results in the change magnitude subordination of employees in return for little or no extra reward(Mabey & Salaman, 199735).Recently, empowerment has become an important Human election Management tool (Graham & Bennett, 1995 93) in many organisations. It has been portrayed as the ultimate tool to access unl eashed potential and help leaders get the best from their people. In reality, however, organisations that are trying to empower people may be fighting an uphill battle. Managers who harbour a fear that favourable action may jeopardise their jobs, may be more un proportionalityd about keeping their jobs than about empowering others. With the rationalization of layers of management, promotion is becoming less realistic and, therefore, middle managers share with non-managerial employees growing feelings of cynicism as well as a heightened sense of estrangement from the predominant goals and values of their employing organizations (Denham, N et al, 1997).According to Maslow (1998), people need a sense of self-determination, autonomy, dignity, and responsibility (Legge, K, 1995 221) to continue to function in a healthy, growth-motivated way. When placed in an environment where any or all of these qualities are removed from them and they are instead forced to stick in to anothers will and think and act under constant supervision (Legge, K, 1995 221), their sense of esteem and self-worth is robbed from them.The implementation of empowerment can be used successfully as a HRM tool as it provides a warlike wages ensuring organisational selection (Mabey & Salaman, 199725) and at the same clip protecting employees jobs. However, employees maybe compelled to work harder and more flexibly for their own good (Mabey & Salaman, 199725) otherwise they might be made senseless for the greater good.The aim of empowerment is to enable employees to actually have to comprehend with problems to implement solutions quickly and without recourse to supervisors (Gennard & Judge, 1997 71) and or higher levels of management. This is progressively necessary as large and bureaucratic organisations delayer (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 91) management hierarchies in the search for administrative efficiency and lower costs.Employee empowerment is a very important aspect when c onsidering human resource management. The failure of employers to give employees an opportunity to participate in decisions affecting their welfare may encourage essence member ship (sparrow & Marchington, 1998 53). It is widely believed that one reason managers begin employee involvement programs and seek to empower their employees is to avoid collective action by employees (Cole, G, A, 1997 83). Employee empowerment offers the employers and the employees the chance to be on the same level, so to speak. Empowerment allows them to help make decisions that affect themselves, as well as, the company. Basically, through empowerment, employers and employees are in a win-win situation. The employees feel like they are needed and indispensabilityed, while the employers gain satisfaction through their prosperity (Mabey & Salaman, 1997 64).Employee empowerment can be a powerful tool. The now advanced leadership style can increase efficiency and effectiveness inside an organization ( Graham & Bennett, 1995 13). It increases productivity and reduces overhead. Overhead expenses are those needed for carrying on a business, i.e. salaries, rent, stir up and advertising (Mabey & Salaman, 1997 39). It gives managers the freedom to dedicate their time to more important matters. Managers can highlight the talents and efforts of all employees. The leader and organisation take advantage of the shared knowledge of workers (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 64). Managers at the same time develop their own job qualifications and skills attaining personal advancements (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 38).Empowered employees can make decisions and suggestions that will down the line improve service and support, saving money, time and disputes between companies and their customers (Gennard & Judge, 1997 291). Empowerment of qualified employees will provide besidesional customer service in several competitive markets therefore it will improve profits through repeated business (Bea rdwell & Holden, 1994 76). Customers favour to deal with employees that have the power to manage arrangements and objections by themselves, without having to frequently marvel of their supervisors (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 76).Empowerment is a strong tool that will increase revenue and improve the bottom line (Sparrow & Marchington, 1998 280). Empowerment is also the best way to promote a good long-lasting employee-customer birth (Sparrow & Marchington, 199832). Empowerment also brings earns to employees. It makes them feel better about their inputs to the company it promotes a greater productivity, and provides them with a sense of personal and professional balance (Cole, G, A, 1997 91). It exercises employees minds to find alternative and better ways to execute their jobs, and it increases their potential for promotions and job satisfaction. It results in personal growth (Mabey at al, 1998 174) since the whole process enlarges their feelings of self-assurance and control in themselves and their companies.It is a process that makes workers utilize their full potentials. This enables them to handicap behind their decisions, assume risks, participate and take actions. It is a win-win situation (Wilkinson, A, 1998) customers benefit from sharp employees organizations benefit from satisfied customers and sharp employees and employees benefit from improving their impudence and self-esteems.Benefits come with changes in the organizations burnish itself. Benefits require changes in management and employees (Mabey at al, 1998 54). For empowerment to succeed, the management pyramid (Mabey et al, 1998 54) must be inverted. Old-fashioned managers must take a step back and for the beginning time serve their subordinates and give up control. Old-fashioned employees must also agree to changes. They could see empowerment as a threat (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 147), especially if they became use to the convenient old style of management structure where the rules and decisions always came from above (Legge, K, 1995 94).Employee involvement and participation schemes are to enhance job responsibility (Legge, K, 1995 24) by providing individuals with more influence over how they perform their tasks (employee empowerment). each(prenominal) individual can make a personal decision on how to perform his or her task instead of being instructed on how to do so by management. When employees are involved, they have some influence on how they perform their job. This in turn is likely to increase their contentment with the job (Mabey at al, 1998 134), the probability that they will remain in that job and their willingness to except changes in the task that make up the job. Individual employees are more likely to be effective members of the workforce (Sparrow & Marchington, 1998 76) if management lights-out into their knowledge of the job by seeking their opinion on how the job should be performed and how it can be organised better.For employe es, the greater empowerment and control given to frontline staff and to their teams has meant a great degree of freedom than ever before in controlling their own working lives (Sparrow & Marchington, 1998166).The power that managers have, the capacity that managers have to influence the behaviour of employees and work responsibilities, must be now shared with employees (Gennard & Judge, 1997 73) through the creation of trust, assurance, motivation, and support for competitive needs. Work-related decisions and full control of the work is being pushed down towards the lowest run levels (Armstrong, M, 1996 58). Self-conducted teams have also emerged, which are groups of empowered employees with no or very little supervision. These groups are able to solve work problems, make choices on schedules and operations, learn to do other employees jobs, and are also held accountable and trusty for the quality of their outputs (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 12)Guest (1987) argued under hig h commitment management workers would be commit to managements vision, and that management would favour individual contracts over collective agreements as a mean of furthering worker commitment and dependence, thus making unions redundant.Employees who feel they are in a motionless work environment will feel more secure and empowered (Cole, G, A, 1997 94). Advancement opportunities and rewards/incentive programs should also be implemented, as they feed into how committed and employee feels to making positive contributions and whether or not they are recognised for their efforts. Morale, too, provides a good measure of the culture of the organisation. Organisations with a restrictive, secretive environment where info is tightly controlled (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 162) will have less informed less empowered employees. Organisations with a more open environment, where ideas are encouraged from all levels will have a freer flow of information, better-informed employees, and thus higher empowerment. by dint of the process of employee empowerment, employees feel more valued (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 40) because they are able to participate in the planning process and the decision making process. Empowerment gives employees the opportunity to contribute to the companys overall success (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 40). This helps an employee feel that he/she is truly valued, rather than that they are just a back to be stepped upon by those trying to reach the top. All in all, if the employee is happy with their job, than a paying customer will see that and want to return.Empowerment allows an employee to find new ways to express their creativity (Armstrong, M, 1996 161). through and through creativity, employees are able to make sales or transactions an haunting and pleasurable experience for customers, thus ensuring the customers return. Employee empowerment can have a profoundly beneficial impact on the bottom line if used correctly (Mabey et al, 1998 18) . Empowerment allocates responsibility to an employee and creates the motivation to surpass customer expectations. In order to keep customers for life, employers must empower their employees to make their own decisions.Empowerment gives employees the opportunity to make decisions and suggestions (Cole, G, A, 1997 39) that will down the line improve service and support, saving money, time and disputes between companies and their customers.Empowerment is an aspect, which must be considered in negotiating an effective team contract (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 69) .The team must be empowered to seek and find information across the existing management structures. The communication aspect of empowerment means that the team must be clearedly shown where their work adds value to the company, where their effects will show results and where their work fits in with the companys objectives.Organizations wishing to instil a culture of empowerment must find a way of establishing systems and proces ses that do not restrict employees. By concentrating on what behaviour is considered optimal for the employees and what they do well, management can adapt, develop and change the organizational structure to produce the seek after behaviour (Erstad, M, 1997). Culture changed programmes are commonly promoted (Mabey et al, 1998 132) to increase the power of the worker, through empowerment. However, critics have argued empowerment is a means of increasing work intensity and gaining greater managerial control over labour (Brambell, 1995, Legge, 1989). inferenceWork place attitudes such as praising teams for success and concentrated teams for failure are inherent in our society (Mabey et al, 1998 32) where winning and survival have become synonymous. demarcationes are installing empowerment into their organisations to give people more responsibility and asking them to test the corporate boundary limits (Graham & Bennett, 1995 91). A t the same time, organisations are asking staff to be more entrepreneurial, and take more risks. It can be argued employees who empower themselves can be called troublemakers and those who take entrepreneurial risks and fail are referred to as failures. The business ethic which condemns failure as a bad thing is red ink to restrict its best people (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 12), force them to avoid pickings risks that may one day be beneficial and will thwart the team experiencing the excitement of the empowerment which is vital to motivation and team dynamics.The advantages gained through empowerment are numerous. Employee empowerment allows an organization to unleash the vital, untapped forces of employee creativity and motivation to solve business problems (Legge, K, 1995 50). Empowering employee also allows them to make decisions on the spot. This is very important when you work in an industry where you work directly with a paying customer. When employees are empowered, the employer enables them to offer full service to the ir clients and protect them from the competition. The rewards of empowerment outweigh the risks of losing the employees themselves (Spencer & Pruss, 1992 203). The retail industry is a perfect example.Managers are learning to give up control and employees are learning how to be responsible for the actions and decisions (Cole, G, A, 1997 34). It is fundamental that management shares information, creates autonomy and feedback, and trains and creates self-directed teams for empowerment to work properly. Managers often prefer not to communicate with employees, and not to share some extremely important information (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 247) with them, but an effective leader must have no hidden agendas. They must treat employees as stakeholders for the road of success (Beardwell & Holden, 1994 247). Employees must have a clear vision of success, because if they are not aware of what success means to the company and where the company is heading, there is no way they can feel empowered to help accomplish this success.Empowerment is not something, which can be passed over from management to employees as a pen is handed from one person to another. It is a complex process, which requires a clear vision, a learning environment both for management and employees, and participation and implementation tools and techniques in order to be successful (Erstad, M, 1997). BibliographyArmstrong, M (1996) A Handbook of Personnel Management pattern, Sixth Edition, Kogan PageBeardwell, I & Holden, L (1994) Human resource Management- A contemporary perspective, pitmanCole, G, A (1997) Personnel Management, Fourth Edition, LettsDenham, N, Ackers, P & Travers, C (1997) Doing yourself out of a job? How middle managers cope with empowerment , Employee RelationsVolume 19 no(prenominal) 2Erstad, M (1997) Empowerment and organizational change,International daybook of Contemporary Hospitality Management Volume 9 No. 7Gennard, J & Judge, G (1997) Employee relations , Institute of Personnel & DevelopmentGraham, H, T &Bennett, R (1995) Human Resources Management, viii Edition, M+E handbooksHonold, L (1997) A review of the literature on employee empowerment, Empowerment in Organisations Volume 5 No. 4Legge, K (1995) Human Resource Management-Rhetorics & Realities, Macmillan BusinessMabey, C & Salaman, G (1997) Strategic Human Resource Management, Blackwell BusinessMabey, C, Skinner, D & Clark, T, (1998) Experiencing Human Resource Management, SageSparrow, P & Marchington, M (1998) Human Resource Management-The New Agenda, PitmanSpencer, J & Pruss, A (1992) Managing your team, PiatkusWilkinson, A (1998) Empowerment theory and practice, Personnel Review Volume 27 No. 1

Commentary on Women Beware Women Essay

Bewargon Wowork force is a Jacobean cataclysm, which has a complex plot and deals with corrupted characters. This tragedy is about corruption in the court and demeanor in general, love by money and how women mass lead other women to destruction. As Tricomi states about the characters, they are not totally the product of their circumstances, but their circumstances condition their choices and propel them toward their destiny.Middleton, as other Jacobean playwrights before him, has managed to point out that aristocratic life is brutal and corrupt. 2 The focus of this commentary will be pure on marriage and to what gage lead one to fall apart. The freshman scene (Act I), deals with the characters of the plays main plot Leantio, Bianca and the Mother. In this scene, the readers catch across with the insulting behaviour towards Bianca, where she is treated as an goal. Leantio speaks of his wife with speech communication of business, to him she is the most unvaluedst purchase.He describes her as if she was a dangerous goal that must stay hidden and effective, away from the sight of men.When he dialog about her, it is obvious that Bianca is for him a see and he is the thief that direct has to hide his best piece of theft (I. ii) in a safe place so no one will steal it from him. such words describing a human beingness are rather cruel, oddly when Leantio is talking about a person for whom he is supposed to digest true and pure feelings of love. Leantio is aware that Biancas family is rich, but he overly knows that by marrying Bianca in secrecy and taking her away from them, Bianca will stomach all of the property and money that belongs to her. He has also written over to her his house and put his arrive in jeopardy.Although his act seems a romantic one and, even though he speaks of that relationship and feelings as being pure, his love is not mature rather, it is one filled with jealousy. In the setoff of the play Bianca could be characterised as the victim because she has a mother-in-law who is not loving of her and does not approve their marriage and she is now imprisoned in poorness and in home. However, Bianca is as much a victim as perpetrator, and she is to be judged as a tragic protagonist with a vexing flow of virtues and flaws. 3 As seen in the plot, the Mother aids and abets in Biancas brush with the Duke.The Mother and Livia hatched up a plan for Biancas enthral and she falls into the trap, as Isabella did, but the rape was almost enticed on her part. The stance towards Bianca is one of dehumanizing possession and manipulation. 4 But Bianca, after that, changes drastically and short enough she becomes one of the most corrupted characters, who along with others, brings about the hurry and the final bloodshed in the play. Bianca chose money over her marriage, although, she blames the other women for her disaster. imposture and betrayal are Biancas terms of explanation for her downfall. 5Bianca is seen by her mother-in-law as an added burden to her sons finances. The Mothers sideline is focused only on money. For the Mother, Bianca as a wife has zero to offer, she will only demand and receive. The Mother is sizing up the economic science of their situation now that there are three members in the family. Leantio can barely support himself, and up until now he had to support his mother as well.The Mother doubts that her son is able to support a family of three. She claims that postal code can save him from this financial dead end by reflexion My life can give you But little helps, and my death lesser hopes (I. i). The Mother thinks of Bianca, as for every other wife, that she will require from Leantio sustenance (I. ii) fitting to her birth and virtues (I. ii), but also gratification of her desire for affections, wills, and humours (I. ii). 6 Leantio hence expresses his intentions towards Bianca, by replying to his mothers words, pleading with her not to teach her to heighten (I. ii) now that shes in a good way to bow (I. ii). Leantios assurance (I. ii), of keeping his jewel (I. ii) locked away from all mens eyes (I. ii), is his mother.She is the one who holds the key (I. i) to his treasure (I. ii), and old mothers (I. ii) are good to look to keys (I. ii) when sons lock chests (I. ii). However, the irony here is that later on, its the Mother herself who pushes Bianca towards rape with the Duke, first to get rid of her, but hence to accrue some of the benefits from the court life for herself and her son. Bianca is to Leantio nothing but an object of gravid value (I. ii), a matchless jewel (I. ii) that he has stolen. Because temptation is a devil will not stick to fasten upon a saint (I. ii), Leantios gem (I. ii) must stay hidden and locked. This is the great policy (I. i) for Leantio in order to never lose a treasure never show thieves our wealth (I. ii).Bianca is the treasure (I. ii), Leantio is the thief (I. ii), and the key (I. ii) to his enjoymen t holds his mother, thus, it could be said that the chest with the key is symbolic of Leantio and Biancas relationship. To conclude, this tragedy proves that women should beware women. Women lead other women to destruction, and are even responsible for other womans rape. Corruption and enemies are present everywhere but, as Bianca says in her dying breath, Like our own sex, we have no enemy.

Tourism in Lesotho

It is c tout ensembleed the superpowerdom in the flip-flop. W here you seat touch the clouds and be as wholeness and exclusively(a)ness with temperament. The mountains of Lesotho provides serenity, a rejuvenation of the mind, a revitalizing of the spirit things which keisternot be described but can only be experienced. And it is too depend competent that if you have not been to the mountains, you have not been to Lesotho. The unmingled majesty of the peaks as they kiss the clouds leaves one breathless, the cascading rivers flowing from on high bringing forward life braggart(a), natures best, fresh clean crystal put across piss.It is as if you have crossed into another realm. This lifelike tourer enlightenment is begging to be marketed to draw people from all over the realism for the benefit of Basotho people. The mountains ar but one of the many tourist attractions Lesotho is empower with. Added to them are the falls the historical monuments which have enriched the folklore of the country for many years. every these places have potential to generate income especially during the 2010 soccer realismly concern transfuse if well marketed, making big strides towards the achievement of the national vision 2020.Promoting touristry in Lesotho is a sure fire way to social and stinting development, and to the attraction of much needed foreign investment. Lesotho is really a wonderland for nature lovers or those who simply appreciate the wonders of nature. It has a real market-gardening, natural memorial and boundless ecotourism options. Overview of Lesotho as tourist destination Kingdom in the sky, also known as Friendly mountain Kingdom. This favorite eco destination is characterized by its remote, rugged mountains and deep valleys, with plummeting wetfalls that form a slap-up frozen stalactite in the winter months.Lesotho is truly idyllic destination. A unmingled four hours drive from Johannesburg or Durban is a place where the sun shin es three hundred daytimes a year. This country has the lowest point that is one thousand meters above sea level and boasts the highest single drop in Southern Africa. It has the highest pass pass in Southern Africa at 3275 meters and is one of the few countries in the dry land that is completely land locked. Lesothos 2 main mountain ranges are the Snow-capped Maloti and Drakensbug ranges. The capital, Maseru, is the only city in Lesotho.However there are also several large towns in each of its ten districts. The ever-friendly Basotho people are eager to share their culture with tourists. The serene simplicity of their highlands life is enviable. This indeed is a country where clock time stands still. For the people of the world, the natural and cultural features that are of outstanding universal richness and value include the unique mountain wet lands and alpine tundra eco systems, the vizor natural beauty and the distinctive array of both plants and animals.In addition, the natural setting provides a glimpse into a way of life of the San who formerly lived there, documenting their lives and spirituality in over 40 thousand rock dodge images in almost 600 sites. Liphofung (place of Clarence) Situated skilful off the main road from Butha-Buthe to Mokhotlong, Liphofung (place of Clarence), was a s acquit over for Moshoeshoe I the founder of the Basotho Nation on his way from Menkhoaneng to Thaba-Busiu. The place is now famous for its museum and one of the largest galleries in the world which has the art of the first habitats of Lesotho, the San (Bush men) who lived there over 10 000 years ago. both(prenominal) of the rock paintings Close by, with a height of 3482m (11 424 ft), is Thabana-Ntlenyana, which literally representation fine Little Black Mountain. It is the highest point in Lesotho and the highest mountain in Africa South of Kilimanjaro. It is found in Mokhotlong district, 15km (approximately 1. 5 hrs. drive) from the top of Sani Pass and i t is to the top of Kotisephola Pass, 3250m. It is famous for its unpredictable atmospheric weather, veering from thunderstorms, very low temperatures to scorch suns or siege by mysterious mists which make it more unforgettable.These mountains are best experienced from within Lesotho. Historically it is here in these mountains where Basotho fled from the Zulu King Shaka, in the 19th century. The mountains became their fortress and protection. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is change with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and cascading streams meandering between the rocks. A combination of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty giving a sense of remoteness in spring and summertime, but a virginal white in winter.There is a friendly highest pub in Africa called Sani Top Chalet at 2874m above sea level. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is filled with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and casc ading streams meandering between the rocks. combine of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty. The plateau landscape is simply beautiful with awesome vegetation, open yellow plains and a distinct sense of remoteness , more especially during spring and summer seasons, but a virginal white in winter.Visible along the route are small stone build huts ( called Metebo in Sesotho) which are in isolation, deep into the mountains, in which rural Basotho shepherds live while looking after their cattle and sheep. There are many view points where tourists can stop to observe this remarkable beauty. This arduous trek to Thabana-Ntlenyana can be undertaken on a horseback or alternatively a four-wheel drive vehicle. Thabana-Ntlenyana is also preferred for skiing, ice skating and snowboarding during winter season, which is from May to August. undecomposed this mountain are the headwaters of the Tugela and Senqu (Orange) rivers, where fly fishing and water rafting are thinkable during summer season. Hiking, rock climbing and pony trekking are enjoyed throughout the year. Mornings here are such heart-warming with different kinds of birds with beautiful music to prepare you to the day ahead. It is with no doubt that a day is just not enough for one to be at this place because of the many activities provided here.Among the most provoke activities provided, here is walking which really offers an ideal way in which to explore the fascinating archaeological sites found in this area. Afri-Ski The novelty of snow in Africa is best experienced at Afri-Ski which caters for skiing in winter. With a ski slope 3222m above sea level, Afri-Ski is the largest skiing resort in Africa. The skiers are accommodated at the New Oxbow Lodge and self catering Mahlasela Lodge. Trout fishing and water rafting take place in summer in Maliba-Matso, a river just a couple kilometers from Oxbow Lodge. Pony Trekking is another activity in summer.Letseng baseball field mine It is not just a infield mine. It is the worlds highest altitude mine with 3 kilometres above sea level, experiencing -20 degrees Celsius in winter . It is in this mine where the highest proportions of largest stones of any mine in the world are found. The discoveries states that in 1967 a 601 carat stone was discovered and a 215 carat stone was recovered in 2005. In August 2006, a 603 carat stone was discovered being the 15th largest rough diamond ever discovered, and the biggest diamond un covered in this century .Letseng does not only play a significant role in the economy of Lesotho as a mine but also as a tourist destination as it accommodates tourists who want to have a feel of the mine in the sky as it were. This is enhanced by the close law of proximity of The Khubelu Hot spring. The hot spring is at close range to Letseng rhomb mine, sharing social backgrounds and other aspects encompassed in Mental, Physical and Spiritual building of a living being. Khatse Dam This centerpiece of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is a fine piece of engineering.The flooded valleys of the dam extend for 45km and the dam surround is 185m high. This dam is second in size (in Africa) only to the Lake Volta Akosombo Dam in Ghana. The view of this massive dam from Mafika Lisiu Pass is magnificent and is often of great interest to visitors. The centre piece of the whole project is the dam besiege which is the highest in Africa. An area of the lake can be devoted to water sports. Thaba Bosiu Thaba-Bosiu is Lesothos great national monument. The mystical Thaba Bosiu is a flat-topped hill which was employ by Moshoeshoe I as his citadel when establishing the nation.In translation, the name means Mountain of the night and it is believed that the enemies of Moshoeshoe could not attack as the hill became a formidable mountain at night but went back to a hill during the day. The substantial remains of the Kings dwellings and villages and the royal cemetery of Lesotho are on top of the hil l. Maletsunyane Falls Maletsunyane Falls in Semonkong is one of the highest single-drop falls in Southern Africa plunging 200 meters into a swim able pool whose stunning natural scenery is unspoiled by anything man-made.It is virtually twice as high as Victoria Falls, though not nearly as wide. The falls are very impressive, and can be visited on pony-trekking trails from both Malealea to the West and Molimo Nthuse to the North. Maletsunyane Falls are most salient(ip) in summer when the flow is highest, but in winter the water freezes, spraying the rocks with ice water. Conclusion Lesotho is indeed in a clear up of its own in tourism terms and the sensitive exploitation of its endowments can firmly place the country on the world tourism map.

Objectives of environmental education

accusives of purlieual Education To define the Five (5) Objectives of environmental Education. To conserve, lay aside and utilize the used of our Environment. To have a deep understanding of the Environment and its problems. Introduction We, people are live in an Environment where we tin can equal get our basic necessity so, It means that we are machine-accessible and dependent on our environment but as the year passed by we can able to noniced that there are some changes that Is fortuity to our environment specifically the shortfall of food, climate change and etc. ND It was totally alarming. We all know that the world facing a multitude of problems that sooner may leads to destruction and it forget totally effects on the peoples life. So, it is very important to develop the awareness, knowledge, attitude, skill and participation to be able to counter the destruction to happen. And thats the role of environmental education. The E will pause people a new perspective abou t the benefits of taking complaint of our environment and it will generate a big change not only on the peoples life but for the prospective generation to come.And yes, it is our business as people that we might find beginning to those existing and to the future problems. We, people must be equipped with all those possible solution for the benefit of every living creature. Application Role play will be entitled Change for the Future that is inspired by the Objective of E. The class will group into two (2) groups.Each group must limit a role playing here they can able to persona the awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills and participation on the importance of the environment on us and how to prevent those problems that we may experience in affiliation Into our environment. Pointers It must apply the objectives of Environmental Education It must contain musical scene onto the play. It must be indoors 45 minutes. Everyone must have the role to play. Make sealed that It Is Inte ractive and the audience can able to participate. Objectives of environmental education By Clark-Vida t means that we are connected and dependent on our environment but as the year passed by we can able to sight that there are some changes that is happening to our environment specifically the shortage of food, climate change and etc. And it was problems that we may experience in connection into our environment. Pointers It must apply the objectives of Environmental Education It must be within 45 minutes. Everyone must have the role to play. Make sure that it is synergistic and the audience can able to participate.

“Mother Tongue” by Amy Tan Essay

Amy topaz begins by announcing, I am non a scholar of sideI can non discover you a good deal more than individual(prenominal) opinions on the side language and its variations in this country and some others. How does this opening set up your expectations for the rest of the essay? wherefore do you think she chose to begin by denying her own authority?The origin burn decided to utilise presents the reader with a strong good sense of the broad of individual she is. By saying I am non a scholar of slope, burn mark is revealing how humble she is. Amy erythema solare has written many novels and essays (some of which prolong been democracyally recognized). Yet, she starts off her essay by stating that this is just a product of her opinion and that it is in no vogue superior to any others opinion. This manner of denying her own authority shows her strong public opinion that everyone can have their own interpretation of the value of the face language, much like she doe s. Her opening draws the reader in it intrigues us. We are pleased with the root that Tan is going to bring a new perspective to the personal opinions on the slope language. Her opening also causes to reader to have a moment of self-reflection. We start to wonder what our opinion on the side language has been, momentarily stunned because, truly, we have never thought slightly this in-depth before. Therefore, our expectations for the rest of the essay increase.Tan prints about the different side of meates she speaks. What categories does she divide English into? Why are these divisions important to Tan? How does she say they affect her as a writer? At the beginning of the essay, Tan herself questions how to put a label on the complex Englishes that she has bighearted up with. To Tan, these Englishes do not just represent a way of speaking they are multi-dimensional and a big part of her journey to find out who she truly is. done self-reflection, at the end of her essay, she is able to come up with four categories of the English she uses the kind of English she speaks to her female parent (considered a simple English), the English her mother uses with her (considered a broken English), her translation of her mothers Chinese (considered a watered down version), and the kind of English Tan aspires to capture (her mothers internal language- the translation of Chinese if her mother could speak English perfectly.)These divisions matter to Tan because each of these Englishes uniquely add up in forming who Tan is. As a writer, this exposure to all of these Englishes has unnatural her greatly. She no longer focuses on typography to the readers who can understand English perfectly. Tans understanding of the multifaceted Englishes present in our nation allow her to deal her message across to a larger consultation.How does make-up for a literary auditory sense affect the language Tan earlier uses in the essay? What kind of English do you think she belie ves her audience speaks? Why? Support your answer with quotations from the text.Tan is aware that the literary audience leave behind have a higher expectation of her writing. Therefore, she does not write in the manner in which her mother would speak (broken English). However, finishedout her essay, any reader, whether an English scholar or student would slowly be able to understand what Tan is trying to convey through her writing. In her essay Tan states Fortunately, for reasons I wont get into today, I later decided I should envision a reader for the stories I would write.And the reader I decided upon was my mother. Tans writing bounteousy expresses the nature of her thoughts and ideas, but she writes in a way that will allow anyone to read her essay. Tan knows that there are people full of thoughts and emotions as complex as hers but are hindered by their overlook of knowing English perfectly. She does not want her complex English enunciation to stop them from being able to gain something from her writing.How does Tans agnomen mystify Tongue affect the way you read her argument? What other entitles might she have chosen? Tans choice of title-Mother Tongue- allows the reader to understand Tans relationship with her mother. Although at some points, Tan was critical and embarrassed of her mothers English, she has grown to understand and accept the idea that everyone can have their own kind of English. As a reader, the title allows you to have an open mind to the conception that broken English is not necessarily broken. People may not be able to speak English perfectly, but that does not meanspirited you can label them as uneducated nor does it mean you are superior. Tan could have used a title that was patronizing or condescending.Her title could have swayed the reader to let go of whatever English they use and to start using proper/formal English. But as Tan said in her essay Fortunately, I happen to be ill-affected in nature and enjoy the chall enge of disproving assumptions.. Tan embraces the kind of English her mother uses because it plays a big part in who she is and how she speaks her own English and the title Mother Tongue is a testimony of that.

Macduff †Banquo Comparison Essay

Dwight D. Eisenhower once said peace and justice are devil sides of the same coin. Peace and justice are tied together, two must exist in harmony. In Macbeth we quickly see the loss of murder destroy the peace of Scotland. It would take a force to bring in Macbeth to his knew and order back into Scotland, setting the stage for Banquo and Macduff. Banquo and Macduff play large even so different roles in the demise of Macbeth. Banquo ment everyy troubles Macbeth ca utilize his mental posit to deteriorate, while Macduff capitalizes on the weakness and acts upon it.You leave behind see examples throughout the word of honor when Banquo stays with Macbeth hiding his perplexity while Macduff rides away telling others of the murder, when the touch of Banquo haunts Macbeth while Macduff refuses to attend the feast at either and finally throughout the play we see the prophecy of Banquos sons driving Macbeth mad Macduff using Macbeths reliance on the witches as a weakness to outpour ing and kill him. Banquos suspicion causes Macbeth to touch, non knowing that Macduff had left with his accept suspicions.We see the different approaches of the two characters, Banquo hiding his thoughts and sticking c tolerate instead of openly discussing his thoughts like Macduff. Banquo has clued in on the connection between the wyrd childs prophecy and the murder of Duncan, questioning Macbeths morality King, Cawdor, Glamis, all I fear / thou playedst most foully for it (3. 1. 1-3). Banquo contains his distrust, reflection Macduff from the shadows as he leaves the clearer target. Macduff was the first to find the body of Duncan and does non worry about his own safety, discussing his knowledge with Ross and the Old Man.We see his wording in act 2 scene 4 as doubtful, not accept Macbeths primering for killing the guards in Duncans room. Macbeth still does not see the works of Macduff, who does not attend his crowing ceremony, and is strictly centre on Banquo. He admits to having fears in Banquo which stick deep and plans on disposing of him (3. 1. 50-51). Macbeth knows he can no longer trust his once best helper as paranoia and insanity begin to set in. This distraction is the reason Macduff is presumptuousness leeway to spread his distrusts through the group of secondary characters.In effort, Macbeth has do up his mind to continue onwards with fulfilling the prophecy, a decision that provide literally haunt him greatly. The ghost of Banquo terrorizes Macbeth at his banquet, making him act a fool in front of all the thanes. Macduff denies Macbeth publicly by not attending, thus upsetting him greatly. Banquos role is further shown to be clandestine or solely concentrated to Macbeths knowledge, giving him an insane outside appearance. Macbeths mentality only feeds the fire in Macduff as he gains much and more reassurance from the onslaught of murders.We even see his own married woman accuse him of displacing the mirth, blackguard downing th e good meeting / with most admird disorder (3. 4. 109-110). Banquo has scare Macbeth, making his cheeks blanchd with fear (3. 4. 116) sending him looking for an loss the absence of Macduff. He admits to having a servant fed (3. 4. 132) in all of his thanes houses and knows that Macduff has denied the invitation on purpose. He takes this as an extreme insult, planning to kill Macduffs family as a punishment. This section has shown Macbeth as very weak and incompetent of rational thought processes, taking the absence of a thane as the reason to kill.The fate of Macduffs family is set in stone, much like Banquos, provided it will not grant him anymore safety and will in fact lead him searching for security. Macbeth goes back to the wyrd sisters to gain some more insight on the prophecy. He goes out of desperation, hoping that his fate still holds dependable to what he has been told and the throne will be forever in his family. Banquos sons have forced the hand of Macbeth, pleadin g the witches not for the truth, but to memorize what he wants. The haunting of Banquos children has led to the murder of Macduffs.Action caused by children has connected Banquo and Macduff, as the newly deceased and the future kings will not let Macbeth free. Macbeth takes the witches new prophecy not for what it is, but as what he wants it to be. His head has been inflated, and no longer worrying about the thrones next owner. Macbeth is at a point where he has nothing to lose and after his wife survives, he is at wits end. Macbeth knows the fate of his kingdom, and will die with harness on his back (5. 5. 51). He had thought he was invincible, Banquo had been a nagging recurrence and had punished him mentally.Exhausted, he chose to face and die by the army and Macduff, his true match. Through different ways, Macduff and Banquo were able to break Macbeth both mentally and physically, bringing his reign of terror to an end. Banquo, through suspicion was able to distract Macbeth, h is ghost returning, constantly reminding him of his deeds. Macduff, meanwhile, gathered his thoughts and fought Macbeth every step of the way. Using rational methods, he was able to take down a very irrational man. Banquo had written the book all along, all he had to do was wait for Macduff to publish it.

Financial Management Essay

The required wander of return is rs = 10. 1%, and the constant growth rate is g = 4. 0%. What is the current stock price? a. $23. 11b. $23. 70c. $24. 31d. $24. 93e. $25. 57e 8- Ratio outline involves analyzing financial statements in order to appraise a firms financial position and strength. a. True b. anomalousA 9- Profitability ratios show the combined make of liquidity, asset management, and debt management on operating results. a. True b. False A 10 One problem with ratio analysis is that relationships can be manipulated. For example, if our current ratio is greater than 1. , then borrowing on a short-term basis and using the funds to build up our currency account would cause the current ratio to increase. a. True b. False B 11 Arshadi Corp. s sales last year were $52,000, and its fall assets were $22,000. What was its total assets turnover ratio? a. 2. 03 b. 2. 13 c. 2. 25 d. 2. 36 e. 2. 48 D 12 Rappaport Corp. s sales last year were $320,000, an d its net income later taxes was $23,000. What was its profit margin on sales? c a. 6. 49% b. 6. 83% c. 7. 19% d. 7. 55% e. 7. 92% 3 The first, and most critical, step in constructing a set of forecasted financial statements is the sales forecast. a.Trueb. Falsea 14- According to the Capital addition Pricing Model, investors are primarily concerned with portfolio risk, not the risks of individual stocks held in isolation. Thus, the relevant risk of a stock is the stocks division to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio. a. True b. False a 18 variegation forget normally reduce the riskiness of a portfolio of stocks. a. True b. False 19- If the returns of two firms are negatively correlated, then one of them must mystify a negative beta. . True b. False a 20 Which of the sideline statements best describes what you should expect if you randomly select stocks and add them to your portfolio? a. Adding more than such(prenominal)(prenominal) stocks will reduce the p ortfolios unsystematic, or diversifiable, risk. b. Adding more such stocks will increase the portfolios expected rate of return. c. Adding more such stocks will reduce the portfolios beta coefficient and thus its systematic risk. d. Adding more such stocks will have no effect on the portfolios risk. e. Adding more such stocks will reduce the portfolios market risk precisely not its unsystematic risk. A

Character Analysis of Aminata: Book of Negroes Essay

The Book of Negroes by Lawerence Hill started as a story of the capture of a West African girl and her trip to become a slave. Her traumatizing experience was written with a desperate bank bill that was achieved through with(predicate) and through the use of literary devices such as metaphors and alliteration. Emphasis was perpetrate on the conflict amid Aminata and orderliness which helped to develop her as a encouraging character. We walked for many an(prenominal) suns, suppuration slowly in members, laboured antecedent until we were an entire town. Each time, people swarmed out to st atomic number 18 at us. Initially, I believed that the crossroadsrs were feeler to save us.Surely they would oppose this outrage. yet they only watched and sometimes brought out captors roasted meat in exchange for cowrie shells and chunks of salt. rough night when they had us lie down in fields, our captors paid village women to cook for us-yams, millet cakes, corn cakes, sometimes with a bubbling peppered sauce. We ate in small groups, crouching around a liberal calabash, spooning out the hot fodder with the curved fingers of our right hand. While we ate, our captors negotiated with local chiefs. Ever chief demanded defrayal for passage through his land.Every night, our captors bartered and bickered well into the evening. I tried to understand, in the accept of leaning something about where we were going and why (p. 34, Hill). In this quotation, Aminatas move around is described with a bleak and demoralizing tone. The journey of Aminata and her hostages lasted for many suns and wore down their hope for freedom and their faith in humanity.The hostages continued lumbering frontward as an entire town of kidnapped peoples, with no hope of creation saved. When people swarmed out to st atomic number 18 at us  we initially believed that the villagers were coming to save us. Eventually the captives realize that the people are only kindle in making exchanges with their captors.This leaves the hostages with the forlorn realization that no one would lead an attempt to liberate them. The captives were demoralized further when they crouched around a big calabash, spooning out hot food with the curved fingers of our right hands. As captives, the inborn West Africans were case-hardened as less than human. Like animals, they were forced to advance around a bucket of food and eat without tools.The lack of abide by and dignity given to the captives corrupted their sense of self-worth until there was little left wing alone the instinct to survive. Literary devices are a key grammatical constituent in setting the tone of this novel. As the captives were continuing they were slowly growing in number until we were an entire town of kidnapped people. This metaphor emphasizes the number of prisoners the captors assume taken hostage and that the group goes far beyond Aminata. It withal emphasizes the count of power the captors hold back other the captives.Even though the captives outnumber the captors, the captors are still capable of preventing any rebellion and power within the hostages. other literary device that highlights the hopeless situation of the captives is parallel coordinate. On their journey they passed village after village, and town after town. The us of parallel structure creates a sense that the journey of the slaves is perpetual and induces the feeling that the slaves are stuck on a ceaseless journey. This also contributes to the hopeless mood of the novel with no end in sight the slaves find little to look forward to.Although the captives lose hope in their future, Aminata manages to keep a part of herself hopeful and this is essential to her characterization. Aminata knows that there is a very small chance of escaping, but she also knows that if she has more knowledge of the captors plans, she has a expose chance at freedom Every night I comprehend the captors barter and bicker well into t he evening. I tried to understand, in the hope of driveing something about where they were going, and why. This also demonstrates her thirst for knowledge. Growing up Aminata strived to learn reading and writing and any other skills she could.She does not let go of this part of herself even in her futile situation. As well as being hopeful and clever, Aminata proves to be innocent and naive. While travelling through villages she believes the villagers were coming to save us. Surely they would oppose this outrage. nevertheless Aminata eventually realises that the villagers are not interested in freeing the captives. The only concern the villagers have is to make deals with the captors. Her ideals, that the people of her country would band together to bring a stop to their exploitation, are crushed and strips her of her innocence on her journey to slavery.Aminata finds herself in many conflicts with many different elements. One example is the conflict between her and society. Soci ety viewed Aminata and her fellow prisoners as less than human and with little value. The slaves were treated like animals, people swarmed out to stare at us. They are seen as another species and not as people with intelligence and skills. But contrary to the beliefs of the society, Aminata is an intelligent and skillful girl whose thirst for knowledge is neer put to rest. She continues to try to understand the chiefs, in the hope of learning something. She also knows how to read and write which is considered extremely valuable in her culture. But because society views slaves as non humans who are not capable of being intellectual, Aminatas capabilities are not seen by others and she is continual seen as an inferior. The Book of Negroes tells a story about the degrading experience many had to go through because they were seen as inferior. This degradation is apparent through the demoralizing and bleak tone. But Aminata manages to keep hope and a clear head and provide a beacon for herself and others around her.She continues to expand her horizon of knowledge and aspire to expose herself. Although she is faced against the power or society, Aminata holds strong to herself and carries on. Her story is told with the use of literary devices such as parallel structure and metaphors to emphasize the desperation and inadequacy of her journey. She manages to look past all the horrors that surround her and hope for a bust future, and perhaps with her strong will and knowledge she will achieve this someday.

Consumer Sciences Education Essay

pubescence is the stoppage when children cognize various physical and emotional changes in their bodies. Puberty comes with psychological effects that affect the teens interaction at trail, with their peers and parents. Puberty Puberty is the stage in childrens lives when they experience physical changes through which their bodies eventually develop into adult bodies that are open(a) of reproducing. It is triggered by hormonal signals that stimulate the growth, function and change in incompatible parts of the body, including the reproductive organs, breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and the brain depending on the sex (Allison, 2000).Puberty has various psychological effects within the school context, peers and parents. Within the school context puberty has wide psychological effects like hard-hitting identity and role confusion. It bear upons their choice of career, sports activities, work schedule and tend to insubordinate to the administration. It has been noted that ad olescents prefer more liberal schools. At the same succession the transition for example to high school has various effects on their academic achievement (Steinberg, 2001). During puberty, adolescents have very high regard for their peers.They pulse who they are, their morals and lifestyles against them. Young people struggle to belong and to be certain and affirmed by their peers, and yet also to become individuals. This desperate ingest for acceptance may explain why many teens engage in substance abuse and sexual activities. According to Allison, (2000, 54), adolescents tend to heed to advice from peers than from teachers and parents. It is notably however, the relationship between a teen and his or her peers has great impact on their self esteem.According to Steinberg, (2001, 67), parent-adolescent conflict increases during puberty. Conflict has been found to be most evident in interactions between adolescent girls and their mothers and relatively between boys and fathers. M any adolescents feel that the parents do not understand them and that they have contrary lives and interests. They also feel that the parents cannot guide them properly through this stormy period because they do not face the same challenges (Allison, 2000).In conclusion, there wishing to be a mutual understanding between parents and adolescents as puberty is a sensitive stage and needs to be handled with care by both parties. Only this way that both will minimize the unneeded conflicts and promote understanding. Reference Allison, Barbara. (2000). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences didactics Vol 18, No. 2 Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology Vol 52 83-110.

Philippine Independent Cinema Essay

Independent flicks, more commonly kn proclaim as independent films, are films not do by mainstream production houses or photograph studios. They are independent of the influences, authority, and control of the mainstream industriousness (Makuha, 2010).The emergence of new and highly-advanced cameras in the market and the advancement of technology wealthy person spawned the growth of indie films. This allowed anyone to ca-ca his or her own film in accordance to his or her own style without the influences of mainstream moving-picture shows, which indeed declare good effects on the film industry, especially in the Philippines. These films became more noticed and more important and they have saved the slowly dying film industry (Makuha, 2010).Read more Essay About Philippine Independent CinemaIn the skeleton history of film, advances in technology have from time to time challenged and changed industry models. These advances have wrought their most significant changes on ind ependent sectors of the movie business. In the glory days of the studio system, a parallel or serious rival to that system coming from the independent industry would be unthinkable the cost and challenge of production and post-production was preventive, difficulties of promotion insurmountable. The Internet and legion(predicate) new digital distribution technologies are now starting to pack barriers for the makers and distributors of independent films (Landers, 2006).The development of the 16mm camera and advances in sound technology made it possible, though still difficult, for individuals or small groups of filmmakers to make their vision give notice something rarely possible in the days of the Edison monopoly on technology, or the prohibitive cost of 35mm cameras and professional lighting setups. The challenges of film making were still bigger in number, but the development of an independent sector of the industry agonistic the majors to take notice, though the development of subsidiaries specifically tasked to take find of and distribute promising independent films failed to materialize. Independent film had a intent audience, generally limited to subcultures of underground or experimental film. (Such audiences were often in the first place composed of fellow filmmakers though it bears noting that in many cases, these self-selecting individuals were not those who would flip out to view a majority of the studio efforts.) (Tioseco, 2005)Within the break down several decades, advances in digital cinema have furthered a quasi(prenominal) and all the more powerful renaissance. High-resolution digital video offers an cipher quality that rivals that of film stock, while video camcorders, and relatively affordable professional-quality redaction software capable of beingness run on inexpensive PCs have made the production and post-production process possible, reasonable and accessible for a unassailable number of individuals. With the resulting in crease in the number and quality of such films being made, a resulting cultural scene emerged alongside, but not quite outside, the mainstream (Landers, 2006).

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay

NatWest bound is a fraction of the majestic trust of Scotland Group (RBS Group). In 1968 ind substantiallying Provincial coast (est.1833) and Westminster Bank (est.1836), f expendd as National Westminster Bank. Jointly, these buzzwords could placeline their history vertebral column d have got the centuries by a ancestry of influential constituents, since the 1650s. The declaration tout ensemble astonished the open, but to both cusss the benefits were obvious the merger enhanced residuum sheet strength, created opportunities to streamline the setoff networks and enabled greater investment in invigo strided technology. The statutory treat of integration was completed in 1969 and National Westminster Bank commenced trading on 1 January 1970, with the three-arrowheads symbol as its Logo of the high society with 3,600 branches, established a wide range of new work, including the banks for the first clock reference carte du jour, Access, in 1972, and computer-linke d currency dispensers, Servicetills, in 1976. Deregulation in the 1980s, culminating in Big Bang in 1986, also encouraged National Westminster Bank to interpose the securities strain.County Bank, the Groups merchant bank, acquired stockbroking and jobbing firms to create NatWest investiture Bank. In the mean time, the International Banking Division appeargond to offer international banking services to large companies and to focus on expansion in the USA, the Far tocopherol and europium. In the 1980s new services were developed lots(prenominal) as teleph sensation banking and touch- screen sh ar dealing to assist the g everywherenments privatisation programme. The 1980s also saw the National Westminster Home Loans established in 1980 and the Sm entirely Business Unit in 1982. The Switch debit handbill extended the electronic transfer of currency to point of sale in 1988. In the 1990s financial services commercializes arena-wide underwent huge variations and in solution th e bank refocused its activities, exiting from a center of attentionmate of trades and adopting the title of NatWest. In March 2000, The kinglike Bank of Scotland Group completed the acquisition of NatWest in a 21 billion deal that was the largest take-over in British banking history. NatWest ranks fifth in the humans and is now calve of a financial services group which is the secondment largest bank by market capitalisation in the UK and in Europe. (NatWest 2006) exact much(prenominal) Essay About National Westminster BankCreativity and novelty of the BankWith granting a muscular competitive encourage to mental hospital, creativity and efficiency, it incessantly attains lead on rival firms. Innovation is a driver of productivity growth. Novel products, solvees and methods of working seat relent efficiency gains and quality improvements non only within the innovating firm, but also within early(a) firms that brushup or institute on the presentation within their ow n firms. on that point are a number of reasons why the evaluate of innovation is believably to fall below socially optimal levels, and smaller innovating firms may brass instrument especially severe barriers to innovation. The key constraints are Limited access to chance capital The informational impediments to free- functioning markets for SME finance were discussed earlier in this chapter, but it is particularly difficult for authorisation lenders or investors to assess likely risk and refurbishments accruing to prospective research or to the implementation of unproven innovations. Newly-established innovating firms often carry a loss and face severe cash-flow constraints in their early years. Difficulties appropriating the full benefits of innovation Whilst a competitive environment will provide the best oecumenical incentive for firms to innovate, firms need to be confident that they can reap the rewards of their innovation.This is why the intellectual attribute reg ime allows firms to prevent, for a limited period, their competitors from copying their innovations. This is a necessary reward for the be of R&D, and helps to encourage innovation. Nevertheless, the internal return to innovation may still be modest coition to the industry-wide benefits that arise once the innovation can be replicated by different(a) firms. Inability to diversify risk While larger companies may prevail a large portfolio of innovative activity, innovation in smaller firms may be concent aimd on a single product or process, and the speak to of undertaking the necessary R&D may be very large relative to the overall financial assets of the company. Accordingly, where SMEs are risk-averse, they will be discouraged from investing in innovative activities with inde margininate returns. Assembling the enterprise confront will rely on the innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs themselves, but the Government must also provide the indemnify checks and the necessary support for successful enterprise. ( cosh and Hughes 2000) The NatWest Group has a total of 6 UK banking licences and licences from several other authorities. There are two principal cost linked with noticeting to the position where a bank is in a position to obtain and maintain its banking licence 1) Implementing a tarradiddleing organisation that satisfies the requirements of the regulators.In addition to banner financial reports these would include implementing the arrangements to monitor and report capital adequacy, liquidity, consultation risk, and use up stray risk etc. 2) Ensuring that thither is the necessary infrastructure in place to satisfy individual restrictive requirements on easy areas much(prenominal)(prenominal) as gold laundering, advertising and sales of financial products. There are also noteworthy sink costs in coping with the provision of creativity infrastructure. To replace the actual branch and service centre network and administrat ive buildings is a major purpose in its own right and in addition to the costs of such physical assets, which are on the remainder sheet it would be necessary to handle the stipulation of such facilities. Costs would also be tough in the provision of such items as HR policies, for example the sunk costs associated with setting up employee benefit programmes, such as pension off plans, stock options, bonus schemes, car schemes, health care etc. The similar tactic has been adopted and this turns up at an total expenditure of 255 m. This is probably a conservative estimate. Over the period 1996 to 2000 NatWest incurred expenses of around 13 bn in approve of its Retail Transformation programme, which was only a modification of part of its existing infrastructure rather than creation of a totally innovative one. (RBSG, 2002)NatWest depends unaccompanied upon the qualities of innovation, and suffer more acutely from the rapidity of transform. Whether in presentation, writing, the visual arts or advertising, the progress of new product is at the heart of all doings. Without this self- gene swand action, in that location is not anything to put up for sale. The sector in that respectfore has a specific and challenging manufacturing process or regard as chain which, at severally stage, demands different talents. At the raw development end of production (ideas generation, creating, training) there is a need for concepts, leading edge ideas and formulations, creativity, innovation and opening move customer orientation. Problem solving is parnitty-gritty. At the moment of production (turning ideas into products, locations for production) this first set of aptitudes is still important but must be supplemented by _Intelligence, understanding of the market, industry foresight and strategic view _Effective management of resources _Ability to develop and manage relationships with partners, explore new connections and collaborations with suppliers. The merger of the Royal Bank of Scotland (genus Bos) and Halifax to form HBOS resulted from increasing competitive pressures in the financial sector. Since nigh(predicate) 1980, with the decline of heavy industries and growth of a service economy, like other change banks, BoS was obliged to expand further into small melodic line contributeing and new retail products (e.g. residential owes, financial services, credit postings, etc.). controversy was exaggerated by banking deregulation, which led to the growth of a secondary banking sector, the transubstantiation of many building societies (including Halifax) into banks, and new amalgamations into ever-larger banks (as cited in Leyshon and Thrift 1993). During this period there was increasing concern in the Scottish banking community about the potential for takeovers to erode a distinctive Scottish banking sector (as cited in Saville 1996 717-40), which had been partially maintained by an historical gentlemans agreement surrounded by the E nglish and Scottish banks to limit their presences in each others markets. In September 1999, BoS surprised The City of London by devising a 20.85 billion bid to take over NatWest Bank, in effect striking first in an environment where further bank mergers seemed inevitable. Many in the financial press were quick to point out that under these new footing, BoS and other Scottish banks could not see to have their future independence protected. In late November the Royal Bank of Scotland, BoSs main competitor in Scotland, made a successful counter bid of 25.1 billion. The City now anticipated a takeover of BoS, compelling BoS to keep stair with the Royal Bank. BoS and Halifax began merger negotiations in April 2001, and the new banking group, HBOS, began trading on the stock market on 10 September, 2001.The Halifax was the dominant partner in the merger, being about twice the size of BoS in terms of number of employees and market value at the time of merger, and supplying key makeu pal leadership, including the CEO. The hollow rationale of the merger was that it brought together Halifaxs substantial owe lending income and BoSs expertise and placement in the corporate banking world to create new crease opportunities for the merged organisation. It also saw the dislocation of BoSs rather conventional, cautious and habitual banking ethos by the more modern, competitive and market driven ethos of the Halifax organisation. Thus the merger was experienced by staff as an encounter between two different corporate cultures, and two different national cultures, at the same time. By the political orientation of diverge it specifies an ideological condition that corresponds closely with Therborns conception of modernity. With this develop I want to direct attention not so much to a set of ideas and beliefs about convince, but more to a disposition, or military posture toward change. I mean to suggest a normatively charged attitude in which established ways of do ing things are devalued and innovation and change is positively valued in principle, regardless of the particulars of any given situation. It is, in a sense, a trust of guilt in regard to the old, and presumption of innocence in regard to the new.This attitude is deeply naturalised, so that the desperate and positive value of change is widely regarded as self-evident, and not considerably questioned. Thus rather than the great social critiques and political programmes associated with the formation of modernity, I mean to invoke a routinized and normalized aspect of established modernityseen in the way political parties and governments promote themselves through promises of reform, in the way corporations and public institutions are constantly restructuring in prescribe to modernize and keep pace with their competitors, and in the way consumer-citizens in capitalist society come to conceive scientific and technological advances that will increase knowledge and improve commoditie s and services, era fashions in popular culture rapidly replaces one another(prenominal)(prenominal). The ideology of change is mundane, relentless common sense. Some problems of innovation and creativity lay with the organization and its leadership, rather than personnel, the exhortation to embrace change was ultimately being translated into a message of personal moral reform. In this way the ideology of change, go meeting resistance, percolated down to beleaguered selves seeking some greater purchase on their state of affiars. (Hearn 2006)HRM Strategic Milestones in NatWest During 199091 County NatWest, an investment bank, asked all its phone line units, including its personnel department, to set up strategic milestones for a five-year period. Their performance was to be measured against those milestones at specified target dates. The requirement to produce strategic milestones as an input to the banks five-year marked an important divide in defining the contribution of person nel to the business at a strategic level. It forced the department to reflect on the nature of that contribution. senior(a) management of the bank duly authorised 18 separate strategic milestones. The milestones were consistent one with the other, and overall addressed issues that consultation within business units and across the three personnel teams had shown to be critical to business success. severally milestone was assigned to a designated individual and was incorporated into his or her own targets of performance. Quarterly reviews on progress, involving the whole department, were subsequently held to ensure that the milestones were on target.The operational tasks that a centralised T&D planning process involves seek to ensure that T&D considerations are interpreted fully into account when business strategy is formulated. They form part of a human resource plan within the wider business plan. At business unit/divisional level there are policies to ensure bulk are train ed and developed in line with the needs of the business. At the individual level T&D is an integrated part of daily routine and procedures, helping people to achieve performance standards and behavioural objectives and building up the kind of workforce needed in terms of productivity, quality and flexibility. T&D staff ope evaluate a cooperative approach to planning at every stage in order to ensure a high level of taint-in from line management and other stakeholders. (Harrison 2001)ConclusionNatWest Bank had recently a remarkable triumph over the competitors on November 15 2006 in the 12th one-year Convention- CCA Excellence Awards categorize for Best Customer Focus Financial Services (details available on http//www.ccai.org.uk/events). The Bank is the second giant bank in the entire Europe (after Deutsche Bank) and incredibly progressed in a very short span of time (as discussed in the historical background). NatWests creativity and innovation line of pom-pom led the b ank to the stature of success. Chinua Achebe (1930 ), Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist rightly says Contradictions if considerably understood and managed can spark off the fires of invention. Orthodoxy whether of the right or of the remaining is the graveyard of creativity. (Anthills of the Savannah)ReferencesNatWest A History, (2006), NatWest Bank, available on <http//www.natwest.co.uk/aboutus.htm/> accessed April 29 2007. Cosh and Hughes, (2000), Tackling Market Failures, British Bankers Association. Jonathan Hearn, (2006), National Identity, Organisational Culture, and the Ideology of Change in Scotland, BSA yearbook Conference, Scottish Study Group. Rosemary Harrison, (2005), Producing and Implementing L&D Strategy, CIPD Publications. vermiform appendix A NatWest Glossary AER Annual Equivalent Rate. This shows what the refer rate would be if concern were pay backmenting(a) and added to your account each year. APR Annual Percentage Rate. The interest payab le on what youve borrowed is added up along with other charges (e.g. arrangement leans) and past expressed as an annual rate of charge. The APR helps you compare the true cost of borrowing, for example for a owe. The APR takes into account all fees and charges applied to the mortgage as well as the monthly payments over the life of the loan. arrangement fee a fee to cover administration. arrears money that was due to be paid but has not been paid.When you are behind in payments, you are in arrears. assets your money, property, goods and so on that have a financial value. assurance a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to your next of kin when you overtake. bankers plan a cheque drawn on the bank (or building society) itself against any a cash deposit or money interpreted at once from your own bank account. A bankers draft is a expert way of receiving money from someone you dont know and where a cash is inconvenient. Bankers drafts are commonly used for large pu rchases such as homes and cars. home rate the interest rate from which lenders set their rates for lending and savings products. Its ordinarily based on the base rate set by the Bank of England. capital money that youve invested or borrowed (e.g. to buy a home). It doesnt include the income or profit you get from an investment, or the interest you have to pay on a loan or mortgage. CHAPS Clearing House Automated Payment System.This is a system that enables money to be transferred from one bank account to another on the same day. arrest and PIN a system to reduce card fraud. A chip and PIN card has a smart chip that holds your four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). When you pay in a thieve with a chip and PIN card, youll be asked to enter your PIN into a keypad instead of signing a receipt. This PIN is the same number that you use to withdraw money at a cash machine. clean-cut balance/ clear-cut funds includes credits (cheques and cash) that have completed the cle aring cycle. You can only withdraw or transfer money to another account with money from your cleared balance. The cleared balance is updated during the day as you make payments into and out of your account. clearing cycle the process that your cheque goes through when you pay it into your account. A cheque wont be cleared if, for example, the person who gave it to you doesnt have enough money in their account. credit card allows you to borrow money to pay for goods and services without using cash or cheques. credit balance the amount of money in your account. credit limit the maximum amount of money that you may borrow. debit card allows you to pay for goods and services without writing cheques or using cash.The money is taken directly from your current account (you dont borrow the money as with a credit card). Some debit cards can also be used to guarantee cheques. debt an amount of money that you owe to a person or company. purpose Debit an instruction from you to your ban k or building society allowing someone to take money from your account. The amount of money taken can vary, but you must be told the amounts and dates beforehand. Direct Debits allow you to pay bills automatically from your account on a unwavering basis. discounted rate a variable rate that is set at a fixed percentage amount below the lenders standard variable rate for a period of time. At the end of the period, the mortgage goes back to the lenders variable rate. EAR Effective Annual Rate. This is the amount of interest charged on an overdraft and is stated as an annual rate. Unlike the APR, the figure does not include any fees or charges. candor (in property) the difference between how much your property is worth the balance of your undischarged mortgage and any other debts secured on the property.Equity passing game a way of releasing extra money by borrowing against the justness in your home. ERTF Exchange Rate Transaction Fee. This is a fee that you pay when withdraw ing abroad currency from a cash machine or when compensable for something in another currency (e.g. when youre on holiday abroad). The foreign currency is converted into pounds sterling (using the banks exchange rate) and a fee for doing this is added. fixed-rate interest an interest rate that stays the same end-to-end an agreed period. flexible mortgage a mortgage that allows you to make overpayments and underpayments on the mortgage without penalty, and, in some cases, to take payment holidays. gross the whole amount before any deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. gross interest rate interest before income tax is deducted. redress policy a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to you to cover possibilities such as theft, damage to property, loss and so on. interest the amount that you pay when you borrow money. Its expressed as a percentage rate over a period of time. interest-free no interest is charged on money that you borrow. interest-only mortgages a loan on which you only pay the interest element.The amount of capital you owe remains the same throughout the term of the mortgage and is due to be repaid at the end of the term. interest rate the rate at which you pay back interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount you borrow. investment something you put money into that will provide income in the future (such as savings) or gain in value so that you can sell it at a high expenditure later (such as a house). loan money that you borrow (e.g. to buy a new car) on condition that you pay it back. lifetime mortgage a type of equity release product for the over 60s, which allows you to release money by borrowing against the value of your home. There are no monthly refunds, instead the interest is added to the loan and the whole amount is repaid when you die or move into long-term care, usually from the sale of the house.This means more interest will build up than with a conventional mortgage. mortgage a loan to help you bu y property on condition that the company giving you the loan has certain rights, including the right to sell the property if you dont pay back the loan. net the amount after deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. net interest rate the rate payable after the lower rate of income tax is deducted. (NB the rate of tax may vary, so a net rate is usually only given as an example.) nominal annual rate the rate of interest that would apply if the interest were not added each year and if there were no inflation. overdraft borrowings from your current account. overpayment higher or extra mortgage payments that you make (usually to pay off your loan or mortgage early). p.a. per annum, which means each year. payment holiday a period of one or more months when you dont make repayments on your loan or mortgage, although interest continues to accrue during that time.PIN Personal Identification Number. This is the four-digit number that you enter into a cash machine when you want to tak e out cash, and that you use when you pay with your chip and PIN card. Never give this number to anyone, or write it down. rate the percentage interest rate charged by a lender. remortgage replacing a mortgage with a new one (from your existing or a different lender), without moving home. You use the money you borrow for the new mortgage to repay the old one. repayment method the means by which a mortgage is repaid. The two main repayment methods are interest only and repayment. repayment mortgage a loan where you pay back some of the capital as well as interest each month.The amount you owe is gradually reduced. return the profit you get, for example, when you invest money. share a unit of ownership in a company. share certificate shows the amount of ownership. share dealing the process of buying and selling shares. standing order a method of making regular payments directly from your bank account. Its a fixed sum and you tell your bank when to start and stop paying it. st ock another term for share. transaction each time you pay money into or take money out of your account, its called a transaction. unarranged borrowing an overdraft that is higher than your bank or building society has agreed to. uncleared balance the amount of money in your account including all the uncleared items in your account and any items paid in during the day. underpayment a loan or mortgage payment that is less than the amount that you should normally pay for that month. variable-rate interest the interest rate that you pay on your loan or mortgage and that rises and falls roughly in line with a stated index, such as the base rate set by the Bank of England. (NatWest , 2006, available on http//www.natwest.co.uk/glossary.htm/>)