Cultural Variations in Attachment (Psychology)

Discuss cultural variations in trammels. A culture is a group of people who have their own norms, values and customs. The Kroonenberg analyze showed that in a memorise of 8 countries the culture attachments patterns seem to be instead interchangeable. The most common attachment subject was a near attachment. In western countries the dominant attachment type was avoidant and in non-western countries the dominant type was insusceptible. These results were reached from data from 2000 grotesque agency studies in 32 diametrical countries.There argon legion(predicate) cross-cultural similarities such as in Ainsworths Uganda study she observed various universals in attachment behaviour. This study showed that infants in Uganda were similar to infants in the UK and USA because they used their mothers as a secure composition for exploration, and mothers of firmly attached infants showed more aesthesia towards their infants than those who were dangerously attached. Tronick st udied an African tribe who live in extended family groups.The infants are looked after and hitherto breastfed by several(predicate) women but normally sleep with their mother at night times. Despite the different carers the infants still showed one special attachment to the mother. Fox studies infants raised on Israeli kibbutzim that spent their time existence cared for in a communal. Attachment was tested in the remote situation with either the mother or the metapelet. The infants were equally attached to both of the caregivers debar in the reunion behaviour where they showed greater attachment to their mothers.This suggests that the mothers were still the primary caregiver despite the shared care. There are also many cross-cultural differences. Grossmann and Grossmann found that German infants were more commonly insecurely sort of than securely attached. This is due to the fact that in German culture they persevere some interpersonal distance between the parents and boorr en so that infants do not engage in proximity-seeking behaviour. This caused them to seem insecurely attached in the strange situation.Takahashi used the strange situation to study 60 middle-class Japanese infants and their mothers. It was found that there was a similarity in the rate of securely attached infants to those in the US sample (Ainsworth). However there was no evidence of avoidant attachment but there was high rates of resistant attachment. The Japanese infants were extremely distressed when left alone and 90% of the infants the study had to be stopped with at that point. Once again this is because of the different child care practises in the different cultures.In Japanese culture the infant is rarely apart from the mother which explains why they were so distressed in the strange situation when separated. All of these studies show that despite the cultural variations in the infant care arrangements the strongest attachment formed is still with the childs mother. The in terrogation does show that there are differences in the patterns of attachment that can be related to the difference in cultures. Rothbaum argued that attachment theory and research is not relevant to other cultures because it is so rooted in American culture.The sensitivity hypothesis promoted that the secure attachment was related to the caregivers responsiveness and sensitivity. Rothbaum argued that this only reflects western ideas or autonomy. In Japan sensitivity is rough promoting dependence rather than independence. Sensitivity has the gelid objective in the different cultures. The continuity hypothesis said that infants who are securely attached go on to develop more socially and emotionally competent children and adults. The competence means being able to explore and be independent and be able to regulate ones emotions.In Japan the opposite is true. Once again it has the opposite objective in the different cultures. The secure base hypothesis says that in the west secure attachments are seen as providing the infant with a secure base which they can explore, thus promoting independence. Japan attachment races are dependence-orientated. Behaviours associated with insecure ambivalent attachment are more typical of the characteristic amae relationship which may explain why these classifications are higher in Japan.Rothbaum stave about the behaviour of Japanese mothers and infants. This might be an incorrect evocation because deep down Japan there are different subcultures which have different child care practices. The Kroonenberg study found more variation within cultures rather than between them. Kroonenberg suggested that the cross-cultural similarities could be caused due to the fact that the media administer the same ideas about parenting all over the world so they are exposed to similar influences.