Battle of Marathon

The competitiveness of Marathon is one of historys most celebrated armament engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. Their advantage e trulyplace the Iranian invaders gave the fledgling com/world-history-unit-3/ Hellenic city states confidence in their ability to check themselves and belief in their continued existence. The battle is in that locationfore considered a framingulateation moment in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Iranian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of more or less 20,000 infantry and horse on Grecian soil just north of capital of Greece.Their mission was to contract the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Iranian rule. chivalrous by the numerical superiority of the invaders, capital of Greece mobilized 10,000 hoplite warfareriors to plump for their territory. The two armies met on the Plain of Marathon twenty-six miles nort h of capital of Greece. The flat battlefield surround by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian apothegmbuck. Surveying the advantage that the terrain and coat of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated.One of the Greek generals Miltiades make a passionate justification for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. Miltiades say the Greek hoplites to form a line equal in length to that of the Persians. Then in an act that his enemy believed to be complete madness he social clubed his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a nonviable run. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, precisely the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.The stay Persians escaped on their ships and make an attempt to attack what they thought was an unfastened capital of Greece. However, the Greek warrior s made a forced march back to capital of Greece and taked in time to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, Callimachus Indecision in the first place battle cognise as the Father of report, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a a couple of(prenominal) years after it occurred. We hook up with his answer for as the A indeedians arrive at the battleground and argon united by a force of almost 1000 of their Plataean allies.The Greek multitude leaders split on whether they should straightway attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in grade of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. Some advised not to risk a battle, because they were too hardly a(prenominal) to engage such(prenominal) a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these last was Miltiade s.He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appe atomic number 18d promising to prevail, resolved to go to the polemarch an honored dignitary of capital of Greece, and afford a group discussion with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at capital of Greece was entitled to pee his pick out with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal correctly of voting with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and saidWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to realize capital of Greece to sla rattling, or, by securing her bleakdom, to be remembered by all future generations. For neer since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they pull up stakes aim to suffer are already determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and over come, capital of Greece may rise to be the very first city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our selects are divided half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do not fight, I sort to see a great disturbance at Athens which bequeath shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves. But, if we fight the battle out front any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are well able to overcome the enemy. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in your own power. You have only to add your pick out to my side and your country will be unornamented and not free only, exactly the first state in Greece.Or, if you prefer to give your balloting to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus and the improver of the polemarchs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The interlocking Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of batt le so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and outlying(prenominal) superior, Persian soldiers. Then, untold to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge overhasty into the enemy line. The Athenians super supercharged the barbarians at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little goldbrick of eight furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they axiom the Greeks coming on at secureness, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians only the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a behavior worthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so farther as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to sa pidity upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the filmy of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and prose represse the Greeks into the inner country and on the two wing the Athenians andthe Plataeans foiled the enemy .Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wing in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and geted them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and roll in the hay them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called forte for fire. The Persians Attack AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian force. Then, untold to the sur prise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge hurried into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way s point of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and pickings aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the return of the Athenians.The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible fastness marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the way of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the seaport of Athens that after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. Battle of MarathonThe battle of Marathon is one of historys most famous military engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. Their advantage over the Persian invaders gave the fledgling Greek city states confidence in their ab ility to defend themselves and belief in their continued existence. The battle is therefore considered a delimitate moment in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens.Their mission was to squish the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule. chivalrous by the numerical superiority of the invaders, Athens mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. The two armies met on the Plain of Marathon twenty-six miles north of Athens. The flat battlefield touch by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the advantage that the terrain and surface of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated.One of the Greek generals Miltiades made a passionate acknowledgment for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to atta ck the Persians. Miltiades arranged the Greek hoplites to form a line equal in length to that of the Persians. Then in an act that his enemy believed to be complete madness he ordered his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a breathless run. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, however the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.The remain Persians escaped on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undecided Athens. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march back to Athens and arrived in time to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, Callimachus Indecision before battle cognise as the Father of History, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a a couple of(prenominal) years after it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the battleground and are joined by a force of appro ximately 1000 of their Plataean allies.The Greek military leaders split on whether they should instanter attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. Some advised not to risk a battle, because they were too hardly a(prenominal) to engage such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these last was Miltiades.He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appeared probable to prevail, resolved to go to the polemarch an honored dignitary of Athens, and have a gathering with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was entitled to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal safe of voting with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and saidWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to let Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to be remembered by all future generations. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they will have to suffer are already determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very first city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do not fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are well able to overcome the enemy. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in your ow n power. You have only to add your vote to my side and your country will be free and not free only, but the first state in Greece.Or, if you prefer to give your vote to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus and the entree of the polemarchs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The Battle Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. The Athenians charged the barbarians at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little mulct of eight furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a mere h andful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a way of life worthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the unvarnished of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and act the Greeks into the inner country but on the two wings the Athenians andthe Plataeans frustrated the enemy . Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and cut them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called out loud for fire. The Persians Attack AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the return of the Athenians.The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the air of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the harbour of Athens but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. References Herodotuss account appears in Davis, William Sterns, Readings in Ancient History (1912) Creasy, Edward, The Fifteen deciding(prenominal) Battles of the foundation (1969).Battle of MarathonDespite of the disadvantaged conditions of Athenians, according to the records of Herodotus, their victory was static achieved through well-planned military strategy by the leading of Miltiades, and by taking advantage over the terrain and weather during war. Introduction From the very start of the war preparation, the smile of victory was not even a glimpse brighten to Athenians.The Athenians learned the Persian army were soon sailing from Eretria to Marathon, and with this knowledge, they commenced their preparation for battle (6. 1023).The Athenians were completely beginning their combat in a disadvantaged state. During their preparation, remote and innate conflicts occurred th at held them futile to form hamper with other Greek nations. From Herodotus accounts, the internal problems occurred mainly due to the division in the ten Athenian generals (6. 109).They were argue the most convenient military strategy, but the military had doubts as to whether they should give bank against the enemy outside the city or else allow the item to lead out a siege (Grote 2001 304).By quantity, the records of Persians and Sacaes army surpassed the union of Athenians and Plataeans (6. 113).Therefore, the run of Persians was initially more conceivable due to their immense battling power and the disadvantaged condition of Athens. Discussion Disadvantages of Athens Over Persians During the Battle With the historical accounts on Athenian versus Persians military, Athens suffered the most in term of military quantity and conflicting military strategy. The Persian army came crossways the Aegean Sea on a large fleet. Their fleets first activity destroyed the small city of Eretria on Euboea, and then crossed over to Attica.Considering this illustration, the Athenians were vastly outnumbered by the Persian fleets. The only military advantage of Athenians was to meet the Persian army in land (Dandamaev 1989 178). However, even by land, the Athenians were in a difficult define and they initially had no reason to hope for assistance outside their realm. An estimate of the Persian army in 490 B. C. at well-nigh 4,000 to 6,000 warriors, including 500 to 800 mounted men- overpowered Athenians fleet. Meanwhile, as with the Greeks, there were large numbers of unarmored men but still smaller in quantity compared with the Persians.In assenting to this, the neighboring districts, such as Bocotia, could have posed as Greek allies, but turn against them by overspreadly welcoming the advent of the Persians (Creasy 1863 50 Grote 2001 304). Fortunately, the Athenians were able to hap alliance with the Plataeans to combat the Persians (6. 111).In terms of interna l problems of Athens, semi governmental dis engagements were occurring during the time of their war preparation, which gravely placed Athens in a disadvantage dress over the Persians. The last tyrant of Athens who was deprived of his power and exiled from Athens was Hippias. However, He was given a position by the Persians as governor of the town of Sigeum on the Hellespont in order to illustrate the illusion of their political generosity to Greeks (Creasy 1863 52).The political strife continued between the aristocrats and the democratic party. In particular, there was the noble family of the Alcmeonids (who had been deprived of their power by their political foeman Miltiades) united itself with the adherents of Hippias and hoped to return Hippias power with their political strife. Some of the Athenians were prepared to religious service the Persian and without publicly acclaiming so, hoped for their victory. Now, at an advanced age, he returned with the Persian army to Attica where his secret adherents awaited him (Grote 2001 305).Many Greek Elites were opposed to the risky war with the Persians, since the charge from war would lose their riches and influence (Dandamaev 1989 177).Some were tempted to surrender the city to the Persian and to take all possible advantage from this voluntary submission. The Strategies of War by Persians Under the guidance of Hippias, the former ruler of Athens, the Persians chose the plain of Marathon for their disembarkation area (Creasy 1863 53).The mission of the Persian commanders Datis and Artaphernes were the first to debark the army at some point on the Athenian coast, and then to attack and conquer the city of Athens itself. Arguing, if an Athenian army should appear in the open countryside, then it would first had to be defeated and driven back (Grote 2001 304).Unfortunately, the Athenians were unable to determine the landing point of the Persians. It was at a distance of or so nineteen miles from Athens and thei r landing point was unguarded by Athens. As for these statements, the Athenians were completely disadvantaged in their positions of war towards the Persians.However, the argument still lies on how Athenians were able to combat the Persians and attain victor. When the Persian army disembarked at Marathon, there was considerable disagreement in the Athenian assembly concerning the tactics for the be battle with the Persians. Miltiades, the leader of the conservative farmers who was once Athenian strategoi (the highest military commanders), feared treachery from the side of the pro-Persian faction and therefore insisted on an immediate advance upon the Persians (Dandamaev 1989 179).In addition from Herodotus accounts, the ten military generals of Athens were divided with the opinions on how to strategize the war (6. 109).Athenians were confronted with political division, military disorganized tactics, and an army with mostly unarmored peasants. The Acts of Miltiades and the Turn to A thenian Victor From the discussed portions of this study depicting the weakness of Athens both outwardly and internally, their side was still able to triumph the war. From the accounts of historian Gillis, the Athenian army consisted of about 10,000 men who marched to the plain of Marathon.There were also approximately 1,000 men from the allied Boeotian town of Plataea, located at the border of Attica (44). The Athenians did not hold help from the other Greeks because the neighboring Greeks were already indifferent towards the fate of Athens, which had the bitterness to wage war against the Great Kin. Moreover, other neighboring Greeks considered the alliance to Persian army against Athens, such as the neighboring island of Aegina, which for long had been a rival of Athens.Athens was condemned in loosing the battle unless formations of ally were to be made. Fortunately, it was Miltiades, who resolved the issues of alliance, with his agreement with Callimachus (Herodotus, 6. 110). In addition, Miltiades resolved the conflict of the ten generals rendering their internal military forces unified. At the same time, from the accounts of Gillis, the famous runner Pheidippides was sent to Sparta in order to beat the Athenian request for help (44).The Spartans promised assistance but they did not look sharp to send out their soldiers as there was an old belief that it was out(predicate) to start a campaign before a full synodic month (MacGregor 2005 194). Sparta was afraid that the Persians, after conquering Attica, would advance towards the Peloponnesus and set up a naval blockade of the peninsula (Gillis 1831 44).Many from the Athenian Elites and civilians were opposed to immediate action of war however, Miltiades and his adherents finally managed to persuade the Athenians to attack and defeat the Persians. It should be noted that the Persian army was encamped in the open plain where it was possible for them to deploy their cavalry. The Athenians, who were with out cavalry, had assembled in a narrow part of the plain.The terrain was an advantage for Athenians as it offered no advantages to the Persian horsemen. In the meantime, the situation of the Persian army had deteriorated, and the Persian commander Datis, awaiting in vain some sign from his friends in Athens, was forced to rake a decision as to the necessary course of action (Gillis 1831 44).He apparently knew about the Spartan decision to march towards Attica after the next full idle, and treasured to decide the war before their arrival (Mure 1853 130).At the same time, he was unable to move his army towards the stain where the Athenians were entrenched. Datis attentively followed events at Athens, whence he expected the signal (a shield lifted up above the city walls) that would indicate the city had come under the control of the adherents of the dethroned tyrant, Hippias (Mure 1853 132).In Athens, the supporters of the Persians were ready to act, but they could not decide on wh ether to take the risk or not. Thus, in their turn, they waited for the Persian army to defeat the Athenians (Gillis 1831 45). The battle commenced on the morning of the twelfth of August, 490 B. C. (for the chronology, see Burn 1970257). The Athenians quickly lined up, left their defensive position in the narrows and in a quick march descended down the defile to the enemy (Mure 1853 132).The front line of the Athenians was as wide as that of the Persians, although in the centre the Athenian ranks were not as deep. The disposition of both armies was in accordance with the traditions of both sides the Persians positioned the best military personnel in the centre, while the Greeks ordinarily attempted at all cost to fight a victory on the flanks and subsequently to turn upon the centre of the enemy ranks. When full moon had come, Sparta sent 2,000 soldiers to the assistance of the Athenians. However, Spartan force arrived when the battle had already been decided. The Spartans looked with pertain at the corpses of the fallen Persians, as most of them had never seen Persians before (Mure 1853 132).The victory at Marathon was the first success of the Greeks in the wars with the Persians who had previously seemed unvanquishable (MacGregor 2005 194).ConclusionThe defeat of the Persians was caused by a combination of factors. First, although their army to a original degree surpassed in number that of the Athenians, only part of the Persian troops could take part in the battle, while the cavalry could not join in at all and had to remain idle. Second, the Persians were campaigning in an mystical country and had been forced to make a long journey to arrive at Marathon.Third, the heavily armed Greek foot soldiers, the hoplites, were protected by iron armour, and as a result, the lightly armed Persian elite troops could not breach their ranks. Fourth and of considerable significance, is the fact that the Athenian army was commanded by the talented general Miltiades , who was well acquainted with Persian military tactics.Works CitedPrimary Resources Rawlinson, George, and Herodotus. The Persian Wars by Herodotus Book 6 ERATO. 1942.Secondary Resources Creasy, Edward S. The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, from Marathon to Waterloo. Harper, 1863.Dandamaev, D A. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL, 1989.George, Grote S. A History of Greece From the Time of Solon to 403 Bc. Routledge, 2001.Gillis, John S. The History of Ancient Greece Its Colonies and Conquests. Thomas Wardle, 1831.MacGregor, MacGregor. The level of Greece. Yesterdays Classics, 2006.Mure, William S. A critical history of the language and literature of antient Greece. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1853.