Eating Disorders and Female Athletes Essay examples -- Health Nutritio

Eating Disorders and Female AthletesWhat are eating disturbances? Eating disorders are characterized by gross disturbances in eating behavior and include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified(NOS), and gorge eating disorder. Also, several researchers have coined the term anorexia athletics. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain body weight over a minimum level considered normal for age and height, along with distorted body image, fear of fat and weight gain, and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by purging. These behaviors should occur at least twice a week for three months. Binge eating disorder typically occurs in patients who binge but do not purge. One must have bulimic episodes at least two days a week for six months but must not fit the criteria for bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) includes a wide array of eating disturbances that do not fall into the anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating diagnosis. Anorexia athletics features an intense fear of becoming fat even though one is at least 5 percent below the pass judgment normal weight range. Also, excessive exercising, restrictive energy intake, use of laxatives or diuretics, as well as planned binge eating (even around develop schedules) all classify anorexia athletics. (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994) Eating disorders in athletes do not fit neatly into anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but rather a combination of both. In athletes, anorexia nervosa may often present itself as over-exercising rather than undereating. In the athletic population, it is difficult to define weight a weight loss criteria for an eating disorder dia... ...sical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 58 (3) Su ndgot- Borgen, J. (1 994). Risk and Trigger Factors for the development of eating disorders in elite female athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exer,cise, 26(4). Sundgot-Borg en,J. (1994). Eating Disorders In Female Athletes. Sports Medicine, 17 (3) Warren, B.J., A.L. Stanton, & D.L. Blessing,. (1990) Disordered eating patterns in competitive female athletes. Intemational Joumal of Eating Disorders, 9(5) Weight, L. M. & T. D. Noakes. (1987) Is running an analog of anorexia? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exer-cise, 19(3) Williamson, D., R.G. Netemeyer, L.P. Jackman, D.A. Anderson, C.L. Funsch, & J.Y. Rabalais. (1 995). Structural Equation framework of Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female Athletes, Intemational Joumal of Eating Disorders, 17(4)

Managing Information Technology :: essays research papers fc

TABLE OF CONTENTPROBLEM STATEMENT..3ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..4INTRODUCTION..5THE ORGANISATION..6PRINCIPLES OF ACTION7THE LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT8THE ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZATION..9&10FRAMEWORK FOR IS...11,12,13&14IS AT MY ORGZANIZATION15CONCLUSION.16BIBLIOGRAPHY..16PROBLEM STATEMENTWe are requestd to tone-beginning the following questionsDiscuss the three levels of information needs found in your organization, which are operational, tactical and strategic. Include the types of information, the needs for such information, their uses and how the different department requires them for their receive effectiveness. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTNo book is written in a vacuum. Numerous professional and personal relationships contributed to the development of this product.At Olympia College, the encouragement and support of referee Mr.Rajaesh is sincerely appreciated. The assistance and suggestions of many graduate assistants and students provided an important student perspective in the development of the project and supporting package. Finally, a special thank you is effrontery to Ms.Mary Reggie for her efforts assisting on various other aspects of the project. Meeting deadlines is always tough in a long developmental process, and so thanks are in align to those that helped me prepare and deliver manuscript on time. Finally, I could not have accomplished all that was expected without that special patience and understanding that only a family can give. INTRODUCTIONThe process of management involves planning, organizing, directing and controlling people and activities. At each level of management, the responsibilities for handling these tasks differ. Top-level managers are responsible for establishing organizational objectives. inferior managers organize and control the organizations resources to achieve these objectives, whereas lower-level managers supervise day-to-day activities. Each of these three levels of management has distinct information systems needs. First line supervisors requ ire feedback about day-to-day activities. Middle level managers need information that will enable them to reallocate resources to achieve objectives. Top-level managers use external information to identify crude business opportunities and to establish goals for the firm. This assignment helps us to understand information systems that support management decision-making at the operational, tactical and strategic planning levels. THE ORGANISATIONLafarge Supermix Concrete (M) Sdn Bhd was corporate in Malaysia in January 1983 as a joint venture between Associated Pan Malaysia cement Group (APMC) and two Japanese companies UBE Industries Ltd and Yuasa Trading Co.Ltd. Malayan Cement Berhad (MCB) wholly owns APMC, a company listed on the Main Board of Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Since the full acquisition of Kedah Cement Berhad, MCB now controls more than 50% of Malaysias ongoing cement manufacturing capacity. On July 12,2001 Blue Circle Industries PLC, were acquired by Lafarge.

Theme of Isolation in Dekkers Blink and Taylors Julie :: essays research papers

Many people experience isolation throughout their lives. Isolation is withdrawal from society or feeling of existence disconnected from a certain group. Why is there isolation? What causes isolation? What might it lead to? There are various factors that can lead to isolation. good deal can be easily isolated by their knowledge, background or by their differences. There are effects that can also occur referable to isolation. There are a lot of questions regarding isolation and alienation. There are literatures and novels relating to this issue such as Blink and Julie.Blink is written by a famous author named Ted Dekker. The main theme of the book is about romance between two isolated characters. University student stage set Border, who is well known for his intelligence, travel in love with the princess of Saudi Arabia, Miriam Fahd. stage set develops the ability to predict the future as he come across Miriam. It is ironic that his name, Seth, means appointed or to be chosen (Or igin and Meaning of the name Seth). He is given extremely high intelligence and is chosen to drop supernatural power which eventually leads to isolation. As for Miriam, she escapes from Saudi Arabia, because she could not adapt to the environment and treatment of women in her society. She decides to go to United States for freedom. However, she feels more isolated in United States because she did not know anyone there. This is when she meets her destiny, Seth Border.Julie is one of brilliant novels written by well-known Canadian author Cora Taylor. Julie Morgan is the main character of this novel. She also has the ability to predict the future just similar Seth. The difference between them is that she has this ability since birth. She is very emotional and sensitive. Her timidity causes isolation in her life. She believes that things she dreams about is true, however, her family think she is just too creative. She becomes doubtful and withdraws herself from society.Julie and Blink have a lot of things in common. Both involve characters with special ability to predict the future. Julie Morgan and Seth Border they are both very smart. For this reason, they are isolated. Julie and Seth have problem adapting to their environment which is another factor that has isolated them. They both go through unbearable pain, betrayal and other family problems. This eventually causes them to isolate themselves. On the other hand, Miriam, Seths lover, experiences alienation because of her ethnic group.

The two characters of Ruby and Ada are brought to the reader of Cold :: English Literature

The ii characters of crimson and Ada are brought to the lecturer of Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier as an example of the strange and illogical behaviorExamine how Frazier portrays Ruby and Ada in the chapters you haveread so far.Focus on the way he presents the contrast between these deuce women.The two characters of Ruby and Ada are brought to the reader of ColdMountain by Charles Frazier as an example of the strange and illogicalway in which people were thrown and twisted together in times of desperation anduncertainty such as the American Civil War.The reader is enthralled as these two women find in each other thequalities to soothe their needs and for Ada, gain the appropriateeducation which is crucial in order for her even to survive. Frazieruses the relationship built between these two characters to impel thereader into feeling and understanding the desperation and hardshipsfaced by the characters at the time of the novel and the utterimportance of knowing nature and the w hole kit and boodle of the natural world.The contrast between the two women is evident from the beginning ofthe novel from their individual appearances through to theirmotivations, priorities, life experiences and status economically andsocially. It is however, the common drive, the need to survive, thatbrings Ruby and Ada together and Frazier uses this strange union toexplore many intriguing themes and ideas.We are first introduced to Ada in chapter two of the novel as she sit downon the porch of the house create verbally a letter to her beloved Inman. Animage of the char is immediately conjured in the readers mind as cosmos a lady of leisure and intelligence with time for worldlycontemplation and art on her hands. Frazier allows the reader to viewa passage from the letter she is writing to add a personal feel to thenovel and to allow the reader to be not just a bystander, but includedin this journey. This likewise gives Frazier an opportunity to reinforcethe idea that Ada is a woman in control, using poetic language toexpress her innermost feelings. This sense of control and leisureinitially created by Frazier is snatched away only a few paragraphslater in a technique which is used throughout the novel to lull thereader into believing the characters or the situation is a certain waywhen the reality is very different.The reality of this particular situation is that Ada is not a woman incontrol. She is, in fact a woman of desperation and need as outlinedclearly by Frazier, cookery had become a touch issue for Ada she

Can We Have Free Trade and Reduce Pollution of the Environment? Essay

Can We Have Free Trade and Protect the Environment? Endorsing free trade is easy. Ask an Economics professor why free trade is groovy and you will surely be shown a graph with three or more intersecting lines that show a higher(prenominal) rate of output for nations that participate in free trade than nations that do not. Opposing free trade, at least on economic grounds, is a splintering harder-unless you are an environmentalist. The economic advantages of free trade were recently brought to light at the meeting of North and South American nations in Quebec City last calendar month to discuss the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The proposed agreement would reduce tariff barriers on everything from textiles to foreign direct investment between virtually all nations of the Americas. In essence, FTAA is an expansion of NAFTA-a really, really big expansion. As with NAFTA, the obvious consequence of the FTAA is greater access to U.S. and foreign markets (which is g ood for growth), increased incentives for foreign direct investment (which is good for growth), and higher capital availability for developing nations. Unfortunately, growth is not the lonesome(prenominal) story. This is partly why the Quebec summit garnered tens of thousands of protestors outside a meeting hall with only 34 delegates. Economists are notorious for leaving out environmental costs when evaluating the benefits of free trade. The FTAA appears to be no exception. Unfortunately, the FTAA resembles NAFTA in a number of aspects that could devastate environmental protection laws in developing countries, which are not only important for the environment, but for growth as well. NAFTA, like ot... ...on policy and investment should be splendid to the inclusion of competitiveness safeguards for states with existing environmental regulations, and should ensure the promotion of sustainable development measures among all participants. Finally, a dispute settlement mechanism tha t recognizes the right of active states to adopt new and more stringent environmental protections that apply to domestic as well as foreign producers should be established. Economists have long recognise the benefits of free trade and this author is no exception. A substantially revised FTAA agreement that corrects the environmental failures of NAFTA will not only produce an economically A-one future for the western hemisphere, but one that includes clean air, clean water, and an overall higher standard of living for the western hemisphere.

Can We Have Free Trade and Reduce Pollution of the Environment? Essay

Can We Have Free Trade and Protect the Environment? Endorsing trim trade is easy. Ask an Economics professor why allow trade is good and you will surely be shown a graph with three or more intersecting lines that show a higher(prenominal) yard of output for nations that participate in free trade than nations that do not. Opposing free trade, at least on economic grounds, is a bit harder-unless you be an environmentalist. The economic advantages of free trade were recently brought to light at the meeting of North and South American nations in Quebec City last month to talk over the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The proposed agreement would reduce tariff barriers on everything from textiles to foreign direct investment between virtually all nations of the Americas. In essence, FTAA is an amplification of NAFTA-a really, really big expansion. As with NAFTA, the obvious consequence of the FTAA is greater access to U.S. and foreign markets (which is good for gr owth), increased incentives for foreign direct investment (which is good for growth), and higher capital availability for developing nations. Unfortunately, growth is not the only story. This is partly why the Quebec summit garnered tens of thousands of protestors outside a meeting hall with only 34 delegates. Economists are notorious for leaving out environmental costs when evaluating the benefits of free trade. The FTAA appears to be no exception. Unfortunately, the FTAA resembles NAFTA in a number of aspects that could devastate environmental apology laws in developing countries, which are not only important for the environment, but for growth as well. NAFTA, like ot... ...on policy and investment should be sensitive to the cellular inclusion of competitiveness safeguards for states with existing environmental regulations, and should ensure the promotion of sustainable development measures among all participants. Finally, a dispute settlement mechanism that recognizes the rig ht of participating states to learn new and more stringent environmental protections that apply to domestic as well as foreign producers should be established. Economists have long recognized the benefits of free trade and this author is no exception. A substantially revised FTAA agreement that corrects the environmental failures of NAFTA will not only produce an economically superior time to come for the western hemisphere, but one that includes clean air, clean water, and an overall higher standard of living for the western hemisphere.

Extended commentary of ‘During Wind and Rain’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

On the Title An ambiguous and interesting choice of title, in that it is as I result show both contradictory with the tense (or time-scale) used in the poesy and draws the readers attention to descriptions of the weather. The word during makes the weather conditions affect the present. However, the poem is mostly written in the diachronic present and many of the stanzas depict visualises of bright, grateful days non the wind and rain every(prenominal)uded to in the title. There is clearly an intentional discrepancy being score here by courageous.Quote SLS Bew atomic number 18 during, the incongruous preposition.Overall Structure Four stanzas of seven production eminences, with a very strange ( just regular) rhyme scheme. portly uses a very odd structure indeed. The rhyme scheme utilised in the poem consists of ABCBCDA.There argon multiple terminations of this* The sixth line in the stanza breaks the poetic flow of the stanza, as it is the only line not to rhyme with another hence acting like a mid-stanzaic volta. It draws attention to itself. Therefore, it should fuck as no surprise that the sixth line of every stanza breaks away from the case of familial happiness painted in the previous five lines, and turns the instance to the contrasting theme of death. Observe the refrains used* The drawn out A rhyme encompasses the entirety of to each ace stanza. Given that the last line (about death) is linked to the freshman (about breeding), is intrepid trying to show the unavoidable connection of life and death?* Seven lines to each stanza possibly represent a week, just as the quadruple stanzas represent the seasons? Very poor allusion.Themes death, Family life, Time, The Seasons.Difficult Language Notes Blithely means happily.First Stanza NotesThey sing their dearest songs He, she, all of them yea,Treble and tenor and bass,And champion to playWith the candles mooning each faceAh, no, the years OHow the sick leaves reel down in throngs This poem is one full of repetition and refrain. The general layout of each stanza, in terms of theme, organisation and repetition of certain lines, remains constant. Each stanza, for example, opens with an image of a family presumably the same one throughout in a place, or carrying out an action, in a unified and happy way. This stanza evokes a pellet of the Victorian family gathered, singing, around a piano (one to play), as piano playing and sing-a-long was, of course, very common in darings time.Note how he only uses personal pronouns distancing effect?Hardy goes to perhaps innate lengths to show the familys unity. On a critical note, one could criticise his rather inefficient use of the first four lines of this poem, but that is not our aim. close to analytic thinking* They sing their dearest songs. Note the use of a superlative adjective in dearest. It is the first of many. We may query its message perhaps it indicates a certain reverence to familial attitude, both in Hardy and in the family itself. They are enjoying it* He, she, all of them. Illustrates a togetherness within the family one which (as Hardy will later comment upon) Death inevitably overcomes. The following line regarding the different musical voice (Treble and tenor and bass) illustrates a similar thing, but is used to point out that Death affects all elements of family, regardless of age. How very depressing were only at line 3 Even better, he does this in all stanzas.* yea Note use of colloquial (conversational) affirmative. Not only is it used to force the rhyme scheme, but it contrasts with the later Ah, no, which is negative. Hardy does this in all stanzas. Without jumping ahead, however, it is scarce a friendly comment of approval.* With the candles mooning each face Night time scene. Interesting, seeing as it contrasts with the other images presented, which are all in bright daylight.* Ah, no the years O Thus we encounter the inter-stanzaic volta. Not only does the rhym e scheme depart from regularity (We tag the sixth line in all stanzas the D rhyme, as it is the only line not to have a rhyming companion). It signifies a departure from the pleasant theme of the unadulterated joy of family life, and an arrival at the theme of its death or the fact that it is all going to pass eventually. As before mentioned, the Ah, no contrasts with the previous affirmative. The actual sense of this line is rather obscure. We assume that Hardy is implicitly commenting on the fact that the years take away/ damage the family life as they pass, so does the family and its happiness. O is an ejaculation, expressing sadness or mourning for the family.* How the sick leaves reel down in throngs Hardy march ons his ideas about death. Here is a line referring to the autumnal decay of life leaves falling and the way in which it precedes Death. Note how the leaves, when considered in throngs, may represent people? In the same way, a reel is a type of dance is this (a sl ightly sick) dance of death? Unlikely, but we must remember that Hardy has no qualms with tragic irony.Second Stanza NotesThey clear the crawl moss Elders and juniors aye,Making the pathways neat and the garden gayAnd they build a shady seatAh, no the years, the yearsSee the white storm-birds wing across formerly again, Hardy begins his stanza with an image of the family, this time in the garden presumably in spring, as suggested by the fact that they are clearing the remains of winter (the creeping moss), whilst he describes the garden as gay. One can immediately recognise the structural similarities shared with the first stanza, as well as the meaning behind the pleasant image.* Note that Hardy now observes that both Elders and juniors participate again, he differentiates between the different members of the family, but now uses the factor of age, as unconnected to musical voices. This serves only to strengthen the authorized analysis that unity may be visible and, indeed, e njoyable, but it is only fleeting in the face of Death. gentle* Observe how the familys actions are arranged around both making the place neat/pretty and around comfort. Making pathways neat and building a shady seat have only temporary effects upon happiness the moss will grow back, the pathways will become untidy in time, when Winter (representing Death and decay) comes. Thus we find that Hardy is setting up, within his pleasant image, the backdrop upon which he wishes to point out that all happiness, joy and life itself is fleeting.* Or is it an image of the futility of human endeavour the weather will erode the order imposed upon it, and ultimately Death will prevail?* On an aside evidence for the scene being set in spring if the seat is shady, then surely the sun must be out in broad daylight not a symptom commonly associated with the Wintry illnessAh, no the years, the yearsSee the white storm-birds wing acrossAnd yet, on cue, Hardy revives his alternative theme this ti me with a slightly different D rhyme/phrase. The colloquial negative remains, but Hardy uses the echo of the years to emphasize the passage of time. He uses the same phrase in the fourth stanza, yet repeats the primary ejaculation in the third stanza (they alternate).The final line of the stanza is rather interesting. Storm-birds sound like mythological beasts perhaps the extremity of phrase reflects that of Death? yet they are most likely geese, flying away before Winter comes. It is not as deplorable an image as that of the leaves reeling, but it again points to the same idea. The use of strong verbs in all final lines in all stanza adds to their strength reel in Stanza One, wing in the second, etc. To wing itself is an unusual choice, perhaps adding to a sense of the supernatural. Think back to Neutral Tones and the ominous bird a-wing. The verb has the same effect here.Third Stanza NotesThey are blithely breakfasting all Men and maidens yea,Under the summer tree,With a glim pse of the bay,While pet fowl come to the kneeAh, no the years OAnd the rotten locomote is ript from the wall.Here Hardy is at last hard-core about the season and its effects much as free fall and Winter are representative of Death and decay, spring and summer bear idyllic delights. In this stanza, we find ourselves in the latter.One cannot overdo the emphasis which Hardy applies to the seasons. He pictures human life as tragically linear, whilst comparing it to the inevitably cyclical seasons. In the end, the seasons especially Winter bring about the decay of a finite life. And yet, to begin with, this stanza suggests that the family are blissfully unaware of that fact.* Once again, we find the family in unity and happy seeing as they are blithely breakfasting suggesting a disregard for the potential decay and sadness. They appear to live in the happy present.* It has been suggested that the family have now grown up, seeing as they are now describe as Men and maidens as oppo sed to Elders and juniors. Side point no way to substantiate claim. Of course, now Hardy differentiates between them using sex all the more differences which Death can overcome.* Allusions to an Arcadian ideal a perfect landscape, full of happiness are impossible to avoid. Under the summer tree / With a glimpse of the bay it sounds more like Tuscany than Britain Of course, Hardy is not that explicit. The bay may just as well be a bay tree, as much as a bit of coastland. Still, the image remains idyllic. And yet, I Death am here.* The pet fowl may represent a further source of happiness domesticated or agricultural livestock have always been kept for the happiness of ones stomach or ones heart. Either will do. More human endeavour to be laid waste to by Death?Here, as usual, the poem breaks away and returns to the original ejaculation about the years passing. Note how the O lengthens the line it slows the reader down. Otherwise analysed above.The final image evocative of Death, however, is of our greatest interestThe rotten rose is ript from the wall.Again, an ambiguous phrase creates the sense of sickening mystery which Death itself possesses. Not only does the obvious alliteration of the r sound mount both the emphasis and force placed upon the final verb, but it also mirrors the ugly nature of the act itself. Ript is merely an archaic spelling of ripped the sense is the same and bears the same strength. heretofore who, or what, rips up the rose? Obviously, the image is representative of Death claiming a life the verb suggests an unpleasant or untimely death. Quote SLS A fulfil severance from life. Perhaps we can extrapolate this further to make a comment on the cruelty of Death in Hardys eyes? It may well be the wind. This would fit with the title, although we must still ponder the incongruous preposition, during. Perhaps the entire image is metaphorical, and Death is simply watering a previously beautiful flower (rotten is probably representative o f old) away from life?Fourth Stanza NotesThey change to a high juvenile kin,He, she, all of them aye,Clocks and carpets and chairsOn the lawn all day,And the brightest things that are theirsAh, no the years, the yearsDown their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.Clearly the family have grown richesier, to move house and, it seems, they have moved quite literally up in the world, as it is a high one. One may question whether this stanza overly reflects upon the materialistic joys of the world. peradventure that is Hardys intention. I doubt, however, that this is an explicit attack upon those who value material objects rather a memento mori, in that, despite the temporary pleasure of wealth and possessions, Death will always claim victory. Deeper analysis* Note how we have returned to He, she, all of them. Have we come round in a full generational cycle?* The weather remains good, as the family display their possessions on the lawn, presumably as they either prepare to move them to the new house from the old, or simply before they have been properly installed. Clearly Hardy is using summer to represent joy and prosperity.* The language bears little complexity hence little analysis Is this done to reflect the simple, but enjoyable, pleasures of materialistic desires and good weather?* Brightest things which are theirs. Note another superlative. Relevance/ importance, other than to add emphasis?(Have previously analysed the secondary ejaculation. Now repeated.)The final image of the poem is possibly the most interesting, dramatic and explicit.Down their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.Here Hardy at last makes an explicit reference to the subject of death, in that their carved names are grave stones, whilst also tying in the title (with the reference to the weather). Primarily, we are shocked by the contrast clearly, Hardy is imagining the same individuals with whom we are now familiar (as the family) as being dead. They have been buried. This is a very sudden and rather upsetting realisation. Hardy very successfully makes his point about the frailty and temporal nature of life. Their successes and happiness are irrelevant. How depressingWorse, Hardy suggests that the weather erodes them not only in life, but also destroys (ploughs) their memory in death the rain drop appears to be eroding away the names from the stones. This insensitivity contrasts with the use of names, which are highly personal.Perhaps, however, Hardy intends ploughs to be positive. As in the agricultural sense, the rain drop prepares for new growth?Final note Is the narrator writing the poem in the grave-yard? Are the images he recollects merely his memories of a family now dead the images of Death are all happening around him during wind and rain? cagey point. Perhaps.

Indian Paint Industry

The size of the paints market in India is estimated at Rs 110 bn, with the contribution of the organised and nonunionised constituents in the ratio of 6535. diminution of excise duties over the last few years, from 40% to the present level of 14%, has helped create a level playing field between the unorganised and the organised divisions, as the causality is not subject to excise duty. As the unorganised sphere of influence loses its competitive edge, it is to a fault losing market sh ar to the organised sector musicians.In view of the low per capita annual consumption of paints in India (0. kg, compared to 4 kg in South East Asian countries, 22 kg in developed countries and a global average of 15 kg), the domestic paints industry has tremendous potential. The paints industry is working-capital intensive, rather than fixed-asset intensive. As in consumer non-durables, distribution strengths and brand structure are of paramount importance. The Indian paint industry witnessed r obust growth in turnover on the back of change magnitude volumes during the festival season. Both enhancive and industrial segments performed well during the quarter.Moreover, the margins received a boost with the domestic currency continuing to rise against the greenback, causing a substantial reduction in approach of imported inputs. This in turn induced some of the players in the industry to reduce the prices of select harvestings to pass on the benefit to the customers. Further, players are going in for capacity expansions to reap the benefits of the rising demand for paints Segments On product lines, paints can be differentiated into decorative or architectural paints and industrial paints.While the former caters to the housing sector, the automotive segment is a major consumer of the latter. Decorative paints can further be classified into premium, medium and distemper segments. Premium decorative paints are acrylic emulsions apply mostly in the metros. The medium range c onsists of enamels, popular in sm whollyer cities and towns. Distempers are economy products demanded in the suburban and rural markets. well 20 per penny of all decorative paints sold in India are distempers and it is here that the unorganised sector has dominance.Industrial paints include powder applications programmes, racy motion oating and automotive and marine paints. But two-thirds of the industrial paints produced in the country are automotive paints. Decorative and industrial paints are the segments within the sector, in a 7030 proportion. Brand equity, a wide range of shades, distribution strength and efficient working capital management are key success factors in the decorative paints segment. A strong distribution network acts as an entry barrier. Within the decorative segment, enamel is the largest sub-segment, accounting for over 50%, followed by jetty finishes, primers and wood finishes.The season for decorative paints is from October to March, a period character ised by festivals like Diwali, and the summer, when painting is normally cable carried out. The industrial segment pertains mainly to automobiles. In this segment, technological competence, product range and customised solutions are of utmost importance. Technological strength is another entry barrier. The slowdown in the automobile sector has affected the overall growth of the industrial segment, as the former contributes around 50% of the latters revenues.Other sub-segments are marine paints, powder coatings for white goods like refrigerators and washing machines, and industrial coatings. Within the paints sector, the proportion of the industrial paints segment is likely to increase in the next few years and the ratio is likely to become 5050. The demand for decorative paints is highly price-sensitive and also cyclical. Monsoon is a slack season while the peak business period is Diwali festival time, when most people repaint their houses. The industrial paints segment, on the oth er hand, is a high volume-low margin business.In the decorative segment, it is the distribution network that counts while in the industrial segment the deciding factor are technological transcendence and tie-up with automobile manufacturers for assured business. The share of industrial paints in the total paint consumption of the nation is very low compared to global standards. It accounts for 30 per cent of the paint market with 70 per cent of paints sold in India for decorative purposes. In most developed countries, the ratio of decorative paints vis-A -vis industrial paints is around 5050.But, with the decorative segment bottoming out, companies are increasingly focussing on industrial paints. The future for industrial paints is bright. In the next few years, its share would go up to 50 per cent, in line with the global trend. Decorative Sector Composition ( to be check for accuracy of figures) Enamels 50% Distemper 19% Emulsions 17% out(prenominal) Coatings 12% Wood Finishes 2% Decorative Sector Features Enamels Steady growth. These are oil establish paints which are widely used for painting on all surfaces including walls, wood and metals.They also find application in painting of hoardings and signboards and repainting of commercial vehicles. Emulsions Shift from distemper and enamels to emulsions. High growth area. These are premium qualtity oil based wall paints. Distempers High growth in low priced low quality distempers as consumers are upgrading from limewash. These are water based wall paints priced at a much lower range than the above two. Exteriors Exterior emulsion fastest growing segment in the Indin Paint market.Industrial Sector Composition ( to be check for accuracy of figures) Automotive Paints 50%High Performance Coating 30% Powder Coating 10% Coil Coating 5% ocean Paints 5% Automotive Sector High growth sector with a number of new entrants like Mercedes Benz, Mitsubishi, Daewoo, Hyundai, Honda, Fiat, General Motors, Ford. However, recently there is some neglectfulness in Auto demands. Two wheeler market booming due to demend from large Indian middle class. Goodlass and Asian Paints are the leading OEM players and ICI is the leading player in the replacement market PowderCoatings Increase growth due to increased sales of white goods and auto ancillaries.Berger and Goodlass lead in this solid powder coating segment used for decoration and protection of white goods, electronic equipment and auto components. High Performance Coatings Steady growth due to increase investments in refinery segment and power sectors, particularly Thermal and Nuclear. Coil CoatingsSolvent based paints for sheets and coils. ICI and Asian Paints lead this segment. Marine Shalimar and Bombay Paints are the major players in these anti-corrosive, underwater paints used for ships and containers. Chemicals These high performance paints are used in fertilisers, petrochemicals etc. or prevention of corrosion.APIL dominates the decorative seg ment with a 38 per cent market share. The gild has more than than 15,000 retail outlets and its brands Tractor, Apcolite, Utsav, Apex and Ace are entrenched in the market. GNPL, the number-two in the decorative segment, with a 14 per cent market share too, has now increased its distribution network to 10,700 outlets to compete with APIL effectively. Berger and ICI have 9 per cent and 8 per cent shares respectively in this segment followed by J&N and Shalimar with 1 and 6 per cent shares.GNPL dominates the industrial paints segment with 41 per cent market share. It has a lions share of 70 per cent in the OEM passenger car segment, 40 per cent share of two wheeler OEM market and 20 per cent of commercial vehicle OEM market. It supplies 70 per cent of the paint requirement of Maruti, Indias largest passenger car manufacturer, besides supplying to other customers like Telco, Toyota, Hindustan Motors, Hero Honda, TVS-Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Ford India, PAL Peugeot a nd Bajaj Auto.GNPL also controls 20 per cent of the consumer durables segment with clients like Whirlpool and Godrej GE. The company is also venturing into new areas like painting of plastic, coil coatings and cans. APIL, the leader in decorative paints, ranks a poor second after Goodlass Nerolac in the industrial segment with a 15 per cent market share. But with its joint venture Asian-PPG Industries, the company is aggressively targeting the automobile sector. It has now emerged as a 100 per cent OEM supplier to Daewoo, Hyundai, Ford and General Motors and is all set to ride on the automobile boom.Berger and ICI are the other players in the sector with 10 per cent and 9 per cent shares respectively. Shalimar too, has an 8 per cent share. Raw Material scenario The paint industry is fresh bodily-intensive, in terms of value and quantity of raw materials used. Raw material costs account for around 70% of total production costs. Imports constitute around 30% of the raw material requ irements. The most critical raw materials used are titanium dioxide (TD) (rutile and anatase grades), phthalic anhydride (PAN) and pentaerithrithol PENTA).Some other raw materials like castor oil, soyabean oil, linseed oil and mineral turpentine are also used. Increasing prices of raw materials, on the one hand, and the inability to pass on the price increases from recession and competitive pressure, on the other, are major areas of concern. Of the 300 raw materials (30% petro-based derivatives), nearly half(a) of them are imported petroleum products. Thus, any deficit in global oil reserves affects the bottomline of the players.

The Importance of Teen Health

Did you know that a lack of physical activity practices one in cristal premature deaths worldwide? The health of teens is decreasing invariablyy year. The physical activity of teens has declined 32% in a single propagation. This is all because of the new technology and a change in eating habits. For the first time, this generation may die before their p bents. If teens dont pay attention to what they eat, the amount of play they pulsate, and empty drugs, the health issues with teens will keep increasing.Do teens ever go home and just spend hours looking TV or on the computer? About 50% of teens will come home and just watch TV or go on the computer, instead of getting exercise. Studies show that if teens dont get a minimum of thirty minutes of exercise a day, they will gain weight and become rotund. All because of the lack of exercise, 30% of teens become obese or overweight. Research shows that, Our brains simply may non be built for an environment without physical activi ty.How m all people have ever thought or so the weight they could gain every time they require not to exercise and just sit and eat? Just eating right is not profuse to maintain a healthy diet teens call for to exercise. Drugs are a big problem in a teens life. Drugs can cause teens to have a big issue in the future and can cause them to not be themselves. An easy way to avoid drugs is to stay outdoor(a) from people who are doing drugs. Studies show that, Teen brains are only more or less 80% developed and dont fully mature until their mid-20s.Have teens ever thought about the effects of drugs or the round of people who get wind an illegal drug for the first time? There are about 4,300 teens that try an illegal drug for the first time each day. If teens dont avoid drugs, like marijuana, then when they get older, they will have depression, stress, motivation, and reward problems. Teens essential avoid drugs in order to have a fitter life than the teens that use drugs. Most teens say that the meals served at schools are unhealthy and very fattening.But the solid fact is that school meals are healthier than any fast solid nourishment teens get. If a school meal is left outside for more than four hours, it is tossed. An condition in the Argolog says, allthing from the burritos to the cookies is made from scratch every morning. This proves that the food is healthy and not left over from any other day. The district of Garden Grove serves about 41,455 healthy meals at schools per day. Teens will be healthier if they eat the food served at school rather than leaving school and getting fast food.The food served at school must be check out by the USDA and must meet the guidelines, or it cant be served. The overall health of teens has slowly been decreasing throughout the years. The health of teens is causing experts to believe that teens may die before their parents. In order to maintain a healthy life, teens must exercise daily, avoid drugs and alcohol, and eat healthy foods. Every teen needs to exercise about thirty to forty minutes a day, which might have the appearance _or_ semblance like a lot of time, but in reality, it will change teens life.The Importance of Teen HealthDid you know that a lack of physical activity causes one in ten premature deaths worldwide? The health of teens is decreasing every year. The physical activity of teens has declined 32% in a single generation. This is all because of the new technology and a change in eating habits. For the first time, this generation may die before their parents. If teens dont pay attention to what they eat, the amount of exercise they get, and avoid drugs, the health issues with teens will keep increasing.Do teens ever go home and just spend hours watching TV or on the computer? About 50% of teens will come home and just watch TV or go on the computer, instead of getting exercise. Studies show that if teens dont get a minimum of thirty minutes of exercise a day, they will g ain weight and become obese. All because of the lack of exercise, 30% of teens become obese or overweight. Research shows that, Our brains simply may not be built for an environment without physical activity.How many people have ever thought about the weight they could gain every time they choose not to exercise and just sit and eat? Just eating right is not enough to maintain a healthy diet teens need to exercise. Drugs are a big problem in a teens life. Drugs can cause teens to have a big issue in the future and can cause them to not be themselves. An easy way to avoid drugs is to stay away from people who are doing drugs. Studies show that, Teen brains are only about 80% developed and dont fully mature until their mid-20s.Have teens ever thought about the effects of drugs or the number of people who try an illegal drug for the first time? There are about 4,300 teens that try an illegal drug for the first time each day. If teens dont avoid drugs, like marijuana, then when they get older, they will have depression, stress, motivation, and reward problems. Teens must avoid drugs in order to have a healthier life than the teens that use drugs. Most teens say that the meals served at schools are unhealthy and very fattening.But the real fact is that school meals are healthier than any fast food teens get. If a school meal is left outside for more than four hours, it is tossed. An article in the Argolog says, Everything from the burritos to the cookies is made from scratch every morning. This proves that the food is healthy and not left over from any other day. The district of Garden Grove serves about 41,455 healthy meals at schools per day. Teens will be healthier if they eat the food served at school rather than leaving school and getting fast food.The food served at school must be checked by the USDA and must meet the guidelines, or it cant be served. The overall health of teens has slowly been decreasing throughout the years. The health of teens is causing experts to believe that teens may die before their parents. In order to maintain a healthy life, teens must exercise daily, avoid drugs and alcohol, and eat healthy foods. Every teen needs to exercise about thirty to forty minutes a day, which might seem like a lot of time, but in reality, it will change teens life.

Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy?

Since it was first introduced, the stop and search method of countering crime has sparked a fierce debate as to whether these searches are morally correctly. misfortune almost daily, the practice continues to be very controversial, with many claiming that stop and searches breach our right to privacy. In the next couple of paragraphs, I shall attempt to answer the interrogate do stop and searches breach our privacy? and learn a little more about the controversial topic.Depending on where in the UK one lives, one is in all probability to be stopped and searched at least once in their life by a police gainiceholder it has become an inevitable fact. When told by an officer that they are going to be searched in public, a person is given a number of key rights and responsibilities. Both the former and the latter are overt the right to be told the officers name and police station, the right to receive a receipt from the officer about the search, the right to not be strip searched i n public, and the right to be searched by an officer of the same sex, as well as the responsibility to comply with the police, to not resist or abuse the officers, to take off all garments when asked to (only up to a jacket never trousers or a shirt), and the responsibility to tell them your name and address.This fairly ordinary occurrence happens all the time, and is, for many, a regular procedure. It may seem like a harmless, if slightly annoying, chore. Unfortunately, when one looks a little deeper into the facts and statistics, there seems to be a racially-motivated reason why just about social groups are more searched than others black people are six times more presumable to be stopped and searched than white people, and Asians are double as likely. Most people are searched under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, which gives police officers the permission to perform the act randomly with anybody they suspect of carrying drugs or concealed weapons. The stubbornly high leve ls are shocking as it would seem that, according to members of the police force, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to carry illegal drugs or items.This prejudice has led to more fierce debate and is, quite simply, unfair. Many people attack stop and searches due to this fact, claiming that this racially-motivated dilute is ridiculously cruel, and out-dated for modern western society. Another argument against the stop and search procedure is one that criticises the lack of evidence that proves that ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved in crime it is simply not justifiable for officers to base their reasonable suspicion on personal beliefs. A final argument is the low lessening of crime caused by the search, with crime rates dropping by only 0.2%.On the other hand, many claim that it is a necessary way to balk crime, and is justifiable as an officer should know who is more likely to commit offenses. Some also believe that due to the large amount of crim e maybe prevented by stop and searches (in 2009 14,700 people were arrested and 7,500 knives were recovered) the whole thing has helped to make society a safer place.In conclusion, it seems clear that the stop and search method is wrong and has little mend on criminals, and despite the amount of crime prevented, the whole procedure is unnecessary, unfair, bullying, and inefficient.

The interlopers

It has been three years since we started our label in december of 2009. aft(prenominal) eleven releases we are now reaching our anniversairy release. Hence number ten comes in a nice IOinch format. And again a new artist is on board Essay is his name and hes from Heidelberg. Additionally the two exceptional artists Nocow and Desolate are contributing two fantastic remixes as a thank you for an awful collaboration with Fauxpas Musik. Vocals are coming from stunning norwegian singer Ida Dillan.Vinyl tastes better maybe some people remember one of my first uploads crying at day crying at night on soundcloud last year, finally they will be released on august 6th together with old multiplication via Glyph Recordings. the 2 tracks has been edited a bit and mastered you grass pre-order the ep here This story is set on the eastern edge of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania family feud everyplace a strip of forest has reached fevered pitch between Ulrich Von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym.U lrichs family had won the lawsuit many years ago that had settled the dispute, and Georgs family had lost. The dispossessed family has never original the ruling of the courts and continues to poach on the cut down. The victorious landowners have continued to punish the interlopers. To be too proud or having too much pride can lead stubbornness, which can destroy friendships and families. The characters in The Interlopers, Ulrich von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym, have been enemies since birth.Their grandfathers feuded over a piece of forestland. While the courts ruled in the Gradwitz familys favor, the Znaeym family has never accepted this ruling. Throughout the cable of Ulrich and Georgs lifetime, the feud has grown into a personal, bloodthirsty one. As boys, they despised each other, and by the evening that the story takes place, the two grown men are inflexible to bring a final end to the feud by killing their competitor. Ulrich von Gradwitz is a wealthy landowner.He has legal r ight to a disputed stretch of land but knows that Georg continues to hunt on this land. On the night the story takes place, he has organized a group of men to find Georg, whom he plans to kill. He considers Georg his enemy and calls him a forest-thief, game-snatcher. After the men get trapped under the tree, Ulrich offers Georg some of his wine and is the first one to put forth the idea of making amends. Ulrich is likewise the one who sees wolves approaching. Throughout this journey looking The interlopers By annecik

Family Centered Approach

The family center approach believes a small frys family is very important to the cognitive and social instruction skills. Our family defines who we argon as a person and oftentimes is a reflection of self. Our family defines culture, economical, race, values and beliefs. A childs first instructor is the mentions, and with turn up p atomic number 18ntal pleader a child would lack important skills to become in(predicate) in society. In this paper I want to explain how educators and parents female genital organ work exit in hand to promote desirable behaviors in preschools in classroom and in home bandingting.The focus to the educator in family center approach is not only the child, and on the family as a whole. Attachment One important behavior I want to discuss is attachment. Attachment is an emotion that a child go out experience within its first years of life and continued throughout its whole life span. We often associate attachment with the heart, but actually it is ve ry much needed for the development of the mind, or intellectual development (Gonzalez, 2009). Positive, nurturing attachments helps a child to become secure and promotes a sense of thoroughly being. Attachments are formed when there is trust in a relationship.Children that are abused and neglected grow up seeing the world as raw and unwelcoming. Sure we all realize our own issues of trust, but children that grew up in a hostile environment have a harder time coping with trust others as adults. And adults who were neglected and abused as result grow up seeking the caregiver that never met their needs, often forming co-dependant relationships. Others will deal with the problem successfully if the people involved in their lives are responsive to their needs. Family Center approach teaches staff in child care centers stomach make an impact in that childs life.The frame work that can be used is called harborive factors this is used to reduce the risk of abuse and neglect. Its purpos e is to streng thus families and protect children. The goal of the program is to build trusted relationships with the parents and assist them while they are going through difficult times. This type of attachment is different to what just natural staff provides to a child. Getting attached to someone elses child is a very delicate subject. You could be the first one to sense abuse, and you could in like manner be that important influence in that childs life.It is important, however, to make sure that you do not look down on the childs parents, or even attempt to outdo the parents. It is very important to identify those tendendencies, if they do occur, set them aside. It is your job to support the parents. If you look down on them, then you cannot support them. Keep in mind that your attachment is important, but it is only temporary. Be caring and compassionate but also keep the attachment at a professional level. One of the first signs of attachment and independence in a toddler is when he/she begins to say the enunciate no.The first word out of the mouths of most toddlers is the word NO, because this is the word that is most said to them while they are let outing their limits and boundaries. Parents tend to use the word NO because they think it secures their attention and they cheque for a brief second. But in fact the word No is used so often the toddler thinks its ok to say the word No for everything. We have problems with children in our two year old room telling the teacher No and in the next breath they want what the teacher offered them. The word No is there first thing that comes to their mind.As teachers we have to teach the children when to use the word No at the appropriate times. Toddlers need the opportunity to choose how to make choices and see how their choices affect their surroundings. self-importance-Help Skills another(prenominal) behavior for growing autonomy is self-help skills. A child has a natural curiosity of its surroundings, an d continually wants to explore. How an adult responds to this will conclude the childs behavior as an adult (Ramming, 2006). When a child is restricted, they often lose their curiosity and willingness to become much self-employed person.Cultures vary on whether they want their child to be independent or interdependent. In our American culture we want our children to explore and be as independent as possible, we button for that. But is some cultures, such(prenominal) as Japan, want the child to be more interdependent. The culture would rather the child to feel more like a family unit than an individual. As a professional educator it is very important to have a better understanding of culture, and to respect the parents view points, even if it whitethorn be different than your own. It is very hard on a child to have two conflicting approaches.Do not draw yourself in an argument with the parent over your point of views, but practice honorable communication skills instead. Self hel p skills are very important in the life of a toddler. We can let Children learn self-help skills are by letting them feed themselves with a spoon or put on their own shoes to help them accomplish project and develop their self help skills. A toddler wants to be in control of things around them. As teachers we need to encourage toddlers to do things that they can do for themselves. Toddlers are teaching new things everyday and need to use what they learn to gain some control over their environment.For example children need to learn to take turns with toys and what it feels like when a child takes a toy from them. As a teacher we can ask the child to share with their friend and find times when the friend can share with them. This will show the child that they have control over sharing and by sharing, friends will share with them. A child needs many choices throughout the day to help them gain the confidence in her self help skills. This attitude of teamwork makes the toddler feel a little less rebellious because the adult is sometimes seen as a dissolvener rather than as an adversary.This gives the child empowerment over their surroundings. Empowerment Self help skills are a way to make a child feel empowered. Empowerment is a way of making the child feel part as and that he/she is worthy of respect (Yoo,2010). It is important to allow a child to be as independent as possible. An example would be allowing a child to eat finger foods, and feeding herself. Sure it will be messy until the child gets older and learns to be neat, but this allows the child to feel more in control of her world.Giving the child chooses as to what to wear, and eat is an approach that is suppose to help the child to learn to make chooses in life. With choices you also have to set limits on what will and wont be accepted. Children will often test limits. That is why when a parent set boundaries they must always uphold consistent. Not being consistent with boundaries only lets that chi ld know that it isnt a real limit, and if the child is persistent enough the child will get his/her way. Providing security and empowerment to a child you must set limits and stick to them.Family Center Program also gives the families chooses. Like what activities they want to pursue in, how they want to be involved, and what type of help they need, are just some examples. This program, focus on the families wants and not on what the program feels they need. This type of empowerment has been proven to be successful and there is more participation with the families. Pro-Social Skills It is also very important that families and educators teach children social skills. The earlier they start interacting with other children the easier it is for them in the long run.It is also obligatory to teach a child good problem solving skills (McArthur, 2002). The must not only learn how to interact with children, but also how to maintain relationships. Another way to install this into children is by teaching them how to help out and be a part of something. It makes the child feel important and that they belong to something. Another good way to teach a childs social-skills is by having good role models in its life. Children will learn and adapt to their environment. It is very important to have the child surrounded by people who has faith that things will work out and that life has meaning.It is very important for families to help the child develop a sense of responsibility and learn not only leadership skills but also followers skills. Self Esteem Often times in our society we believe that a child might have self esteem issues. We think that all the child needs is to be uplifted or given compliments and praises. As often, there are conflicted theories on where self esteem derives from. Some theorist will say that esteem comes from nature such as a human biologist that will tell you that esteem in form of our DNA while others, such as Marxists will draw in self such as socia l-economic or nurture.However, in my research I am going to describe self in relation to relationships with people, because that is the self that is often broken, and the only one that can be fixed. A babys experience with self develops at an early age. Often the reflection of the caregiver or the mountain chain of themselves in the mirror is their first experiences (Luxmoore, 2010). Later on the baby will reflect self without the need of another person. Relationships are very important in developing a childs self-esteem early through life.Poor parenting can affect the childs development of self. Too often do we wait until a child is 14 or 15 when a professional tries to get involved with self esteem issues and the damage has been done? Too much brokenheartedness has happened for another adult to make an impact on the childs life. Often childrens experiences that deal with self esteem projects into the childs environment. When a childs self esteem is low, their feelings towards th eir environment are also negative. Parenting plays a big role in the development in a childs self image.Sometimes the people in the childs life that are expected to be the nurtures can be very disappointing leaving the child feeling misunderstood. As caregivers it is our job to make sure our children are safe. We can let a child be in control of their feelings and help them gain self help skills and build self esteem as long as the children are safe and are in the right environment. For example, when a child does not know how to make the right decisions and keeps trying to bite their friends we have to take control of the situation and make sure she does not have opportunities to bite friends.I would stay around the child and make sure they did not have confutations with any of their friends. If I had to walk away to do something the child would come with me. Children need limits and boundaries so they will understand what is right and what is wrong and can make good choices when le arning to get alone with others. In my community we have toddler behavior specialist who does trainings on what to expect out of toddlers and how to enable toddlers to be themselves and be independent children. These trainings are for teachers as well as parents.Caregivers are given lists of age appropriate characteristics to give to parents so they will understand why toddlers act the way they do and how they can help the child grow. In the conclusion of this paper we have discovered how important it is that the Family Center approach helps the childs development and sense of self by empowering families to become more involved. This has been proven to eliminate child abuse and neglect. It has also provided ways to help families earnings in the community. This program has taught the importance of parent/child relationships and how educators can better support the family.

Case: Valley Wide Utilities Company Essay

ProblemsA. macro1. The union set about with financial inefficiencies resulting from an involution of its facilities. 2. President Delgado appointed John Givens and Hilda Hirsh to provide a broad outline of MBO performance standards, severalise key standards compulsory performance, and more ad hocally, seize aspirations not advantageously attained.B. Micro1. During the past year, performance evaluation problems are surfacing, dissatisfaction is emerging, managers are stating MBO standards are too mean and unfair, and workers are jeopardize to leave.I. Causes1. John and Hilda whitethorn not bedevil the knowledge or skills to evaluate and change performance levels of individuals or teams. 2. Hirsh was only looking for stroke to report under the cover of the MBO musical arrangementII. Systems affected1. The company just increased the performance level on several items, bur they didnt behave a specific goal. 2. When the problems appeared, the company should tittle-tattle about it together, and specify out what they should do next, but they didnt.III. Alternatives1. Lower the standard of the system.2. The manager should make a image or goal from the review, then testify the employees how to do next.IV. recommendationThe company should do what I said before.Case valley wide utilities companyProblemsC. Macro3. The company faced with financial inefficiencies resulting from an expansion of its facilities. 4. President Delgado appointed John Givens and Hilda Hirsh to provide a broad outline of MBO performance standards, identify key standards controlling performance, and more specifically,isolate goals not easily attained.D. Micro1. During the past year, performance evaluation problems are surfacing, dissatisfaction is emerging, managers are stating MBO standards are too tight and unfair, and workers are threatening to leave.V. Causes3. John and Hilda may not have the knowledge or skills to evaluate and change performance levels of individuals or team s.4. Hirsh was only looking for failure to report under the cover of the MBO systemVI. Systems affected3. The company just increased the performance level on several items, bur they didnt set a specific goal. 4. When the problems appeared, the company should talk about it together, and find out what they should do next, but they didnt.VII. Alternatives3. Lower the standard of the system.4. The manager should make a plan or goal from the review, then tell the employees how to do next.VIII. RecommendationThe company should do what I said before.Case valley wide utilities companyProblemsE. Macro5. The company faced with financial inefficiencies resulting from an expansion of its facilities. 6. President Delgado appointed John Givens and Hilda Hirsh to provide a broad outline of MBO performance standards, identify key standards controlling performance, and more specifically, isolate goals not easily attained.F. Micro1. During the past year, performance evaluation problems are surfacing, dissatisfaction is emerging, managers are stating MBO standards are too tight and unfair, and workers are threatening to leave.IX. Causes5. John and Hilda may not have the knowledge or skills to evaluate and change performance levels of individuals or teams. 6. Hirsh was only looking for failure to report under the cover of the MBO systemX. Systems affected5. The company just increased the performance level on several items, bur they didnt set a specific goal. 6. When the problems appeared, the company should talk about it together, and find out what they should do next, but they didnt.XI. Alternatives5. Lower the standard of the system.6. The manager should make a plan or goal from the review, then tell the employees how to do next.XII. RecommendationThe company should do what I said before.Case valley wide utilities companyProblemsG. Macro7. The company faced with financial inefficiencies resulting from an expansion of its facilities. 8. President Delgado appointed John Givens an d Hilda Hirsh to provide a broad outline of MBO performance standards, identify key standards controlling performance, and more specifically, isolate goals not easily attained.H. Micro1. During the past year, performance evaluation problems are surfacing, dissatisfaction is emerging, managers are stating MBO standards are too tight and unfair, and workers are threatening to leave.XIII. Causes7. John and Hilda may not have the knowledge or skills to evaluate and change performance levels of individuals or teams. 8. Hirsh was only looking for failure to report under the cover of the MBO systemXIV. Systems affected7. The company just increased the performance level on several items, bur they didnt set a specific goal. 8. When the problems appeared, the company should talk about it together, and find out what they should do next, butthey didnt.XV. Alternatives7. Lower the standard of the system.8. The manager should make a plan or goal from the review, then tell the employees how to do next.XVI. RecommendationThe company should do what I said before.

Samsung Company Analysis

Introduction Samsung Electronics is iodine of the fields largest semiconductor manufacturers Samsung Electronics is also South Koreas go by electronics companionship. It recognises or so kinds of consumer devices, including DVD players, digital TVs, and digital exempt cameras com attri entirelyeers, color monitors, LCD panels, and printers semiconductors such as DRAMs, static RAMs, inject memory, and display drivers and communications devices ranging from wireless handsets and smart phones to networking gear. The comp whatever, which is the flagship member of Samsung Group, also professs microwave ovens, refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines.Nearly one-half of sales come from the Asia/Pacific region. Top industries for Samsung Electronics Co. ar memory potato chip and module manufacturing, communications chip manufacturing, wireless telephone handset manufacturing. ? Samsung is no longer the comp any that it substance abused to be, it is a telephoner tha t has put in a fortune effort and money for ever-changing its reputation. Today, Samsung is striving and suffering into one of the around successful companies ever. It has an extensive produce line that caters to many unlike concourse. It no longer operates on gloomy profits its striving on the juicyest.Sales Preparation MarketValue160834. 8asof 2012-11-09 FiscalYear-EndDec 2011 Sales (mil)104,155. 453 2011 Employees101,970 EmployeeGrowthPercent6. 6% Assets (mil)101,260. 188 NetIncomeGrowthPercent-25. 94% SalesGrowthPercent5. 2% Income Statement201120102009 taxation$104,155. 454$99,004. 037$77,007. 137 GrossProfit$26,216. 298$30,225. 083$18,331. 443 OperatingIncome$10,088. 036$13,163. 092$5,445. 767 NetIncome$8,646. 132$11,674. 559$8,277. 33 Diluted EPS$28. 8$39. 04$27. 96 SWOT epitome A good SWOT analysis can help the company and competitors place themselves in the market wisely.Therefore, let us look at the SWOT Analysis of Samsung to give an idea of how the company is o perating in the world. Strengths Samsung has a wide crossing range, which al lowlys them to grab commodious market share from various markets. This everyows Samsung to non only earn a high return but it also allows them to diversify their risk and failure According to many magazines, Samsung holds a evidential portion of the market share in nearly all its products. Samsung is a reputed name and many people are familiar with it around the world. Samsung has won many awards on its high quality products. Samsung has the ability and resources to use the latest technology and offer tender and exciting features frequently. Samsung has won many awards due to its ability to make innovative, sleek and slim products Samsung has set up many proceeds plants in low cost locations, therefrom they save on cost of production significantly. Samsung recently has attracted ample positive press, thus its reputation continues to grow and has a positive impact on the operations of the comp any. Weaknesses Samsung never introduces a sunrise(prenominal) design on its own, it always waits to attack its competitors.Thus, it missed the first mover advantages. Samsung does non charge high charge for its products, thence often people relate the low price to begin a supplier of low quality products. General perception expects that the higher the price, the higher the quality of products. Many Samsung products are not user friendly, therefore consumer often hesitate to switch to Samsung products still if the price and quality is exceptional. Samsung does not focus on a specific niche it offers its products to the mass market only. Samsung does not create its own software therefore it often relies on some oppo spot sources to complete the products. Samsung faces immense competition from new companies and online companies. High set up and operation cost for such a company. Opportunities Samsung should make an active effort to offer unique products to customers, in do to grab more market share. Samsung could start creating softwares for their hardware devices and reduce outsourcing. Samsung could demonstrate sub brands to the company, with new and improved strategies. Samsung could launch in countries to tap the needs of consumers. Samsung could open more stick ins to attend to more customers. Samsung could make an effort to launch creative products first, rather than after its competitors. Samsung could increase its product sportsman in its products. Samsung should berthicipate in product development and attract more customers. It should also consider take part in various events to attract attention. Samsung could offer redundant services to retain existing customers and attract new ones. Increase in the need for mobile phones, Samsung could exploit this need sound.Threats Samsung has linked product lines, which means that if one product line fails due to its own reasons other product lines go forth also suffer. Samsung is very disjointed it controls and operates different products while its competitors use their resources and effort on one segment only. Diversification takes a litter of effort and attention. Samsung has set up production plants in low cost areas, which are dependent to ample political and economic instability. These instabilities can restrain an impact overall company it the crisis croaks unmanageable. Samsung is facing threats from many other low cost companies. Various companies induct realized the importance of advertising, therefore Samsung will be subject to a lot more competition as advertising creates and draws attention of consumers. Countries all over the world are experiencing a high cost due to high inflation rates in nigh locations. Many government legislations are now active against the innovative technology due to health and rational concerns. Samsung vs. others On the Kazakhstani market Samsung has various competitors as LG and Sony.All three companies are strong, despite Samsung takes almost a half of market share. Still Samsung has lots of thing to work on here, in Kazakhstan. I stick out made an analysis of all three weave points of Samsung, LG and Sony, compared them and questd Samsungs weak sides. Samsung. com/kz Samsung doesnt have a local nett settle in Kazakhstan. While entering it for the first time system asks to indicate your location. When choose Kazakhstan, Russian language is chosen by default. It is also worth to mention that in Kazakhstani version of website Russian is the only language, Kazakh is not nominateed.Generally web site is not very palmy to use, even though most of major stuff represented on the main varlet. The problem is that in order to find an item customer is really has to search for it, using all these tabs and vertical search. Customer cannot unsloped browse web site without knowing what exactly he wants. The main page represents new Samsung products as Samsung Galaxy Note II, Smart TV se ts, etc. After clicking on the product youd same(p) to buy it immediately redirects you to products profile page where presented all the info astir(predicate) it, including investment company Locator.The problem with this locator that it works only in extensive cities, engine does not allow to set apart search to s gister towns or districts. So, for example, if I live in Almaty and I want to buy smartphone, web-site will give the list of all distributors located in Almaty, not the nearest to me. too, it doesnt show the prices and give notice that different distributors have. Instead they offer to call them by ourselves. The possible reason to this is security issues that require lot of financial investments.Also profile page contains the feature called Compare with other devices where you can choose up to 5 devices and compare it in terms of technical characteristics. But this is all that Samsung offers as pre-order feature. They do not have any video review of products, 3D models of them, panoramic photos and many other things that could possibly train them with new customers. Samsung actively works on creating local brand communities as on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. With help of those communities they try to engage together all Samsung current and possible customers.Another option that web-site introduces is collaboration with KupiKipon company, which provides coupons and discounts on selected Samsung production. To become a participant, customers, firstly, have to enter into Samsung Premium Club, only then all features as KupiKupon will be available, as rise up as many other options like discounts for AirAstana, service of Toyota service Center, etc. Sony. kz Web site of Sony has Kazakhstani domain and as well as Samsungs web site, it has not got any possibility of changing language to Kazakh or English. Web site is also quite easy to use, I would say a lot easier than Samsungs.When customer wishes to buy something every step is structured an d clear, so search engine is well organize and works nice 1. He has to define what exactly he wants to buy. Whether it is TV or Walkman 2. He is given(p) a list of different series of different price categories. He has to make another choice. 3. thence system provides him with a list of all, for example, Walkmans of specified prices and year of production. Price is also included but in rubles, not in tenge. The feature of comparison of different phones and cameras also presented on this web site.Sony also does not have feature of buying online and store locator, no list of distributors and anything that could somehow get interest of Kazakhstani customers, seems like the web site is made for Russian customers with domain name . kz. Sony runs technical and customer support program that allows Sony production owners to upgrade, fix their gadget almost for free. They have created various brand communities in different social network in order to gather together their old and new custom ers, organize contests and actions. LG. kzThe web site of LG is pretty similar to Sonys, especially in terms of search engine it is very easy to use it. First of all the structure of site is very different from previous two it all compact and arranged from left to right, so we do not have to scroll page up and down. The main page is divided on three parts left, commutation and right. The first ad the dying never changes, like a banner ad, they represent the list of production, vertical search and news and actions respectively. The central part is the most active, like a working are, where customer can look through products he chose, compare them and make a final decision.But in comparison to Sony and Samsung only limited line of production is presented on their web site only latest models. As LG has a domain name . kz, still default language is Russian and no possibility to change if to any other, only if change the location. Also as two previous web sites, LG does not have an opt ion of buying production online (direct distribution). As it was mentioned earlier, this option might not be used because of very high financial expenses. So web site has only one direct task to introduce new production to public. As well as Sony, LG has not got any randomness about it distributors or shops.LG works a lot on CRM they create brand communities on different social networks, provide customers with free OS upgrades and free applications programme for their phones, microsite for SMART TV owners. Also they were the only who presented option for slow Internet connection, possibly aware of unwholesome Internet in Kazakhstan. Customer relationship heed (CRM) We are looking on internet strategy of Samsung Company. So, CRM in this case should not only manage a companys interactions with customers, knobs, and sales prospects, but also use technology, internet to organize, and synchronize business processes.The goal is to find new clients, and safe those which company alrea dy have. Looking on the brochure that we received from typical of Samsung in KIMEP, we can make clo certainly that now we know some characteristics of described printers, but nothing where to buy it. So, customer have to do it own research, to find where he could buy a product in which he is interested. Moreover, the lady that was representative is just from event agency. She cannot tell anything about the product in which students were interested, but which were not presented on the association and material she learned.This small research showed us how it is hard for customers find the shop were to buy the product they need. For sure it is cheaper to pay once lady from the agency for representing the material, rather than open part dealing with this. But, we thing department will be more productive, because they can answer on more questions, than just learned. Or not spending more money lady-representative can refer to the site, where customer can find more information about in terested product. Also, site should be written on the brochure. RecommendationsWhile researching Samsung site, we found that company does not represent online shopping or delivery services as all sales go trough distributors and Samsung slangt interfere into connectedness between customers and head teachers. Samsung has no official shop in Almaty or any other cities of Kazakhstan. As we understood their main aim is dealing with promotions, PR, advertisement and publicity. In Kazakhstan many products that are resell by disturbers always have special additional price that have a huge difference between initial and final prices.It would be a good idea if Samsung on their site near the products placed their prices so customers will know at first hand the cost of the product. On the other hand it could cause discontent of distributor since clients choose negotiated price of other dealers or no profit will be gained. Samsung in advance can discus and find the optimal additional price f or distributors so both customers and dealers will be satisfied. Here is the situation Customer is surfing Samsung site to find the product he or she liked and willing to by right away.Site provides all dealers addresses and contact numbers and this entire list is about50 shops around one city. Customer need to find on the Google maps of any other gadget where these shops located. While processing all the Almaty streets aspiration can go away and company loosing a potential client. We suggest directing present location of the customer and pick out top 5 closest shops to get product they like. No need for searching and finding out which store is right next to your location. This novation facilitates search and willing to own Samsung products.Any tracking for products creates a desire to possess and taste them. Samsung can create online delivery through dealers just right on their site. No potential customer is missed and no dealer left without profit. This ability gives a client to choose any dealer and store he liked and order the product without leaving home. Another convenient option would be listing all Samsung goods dealers have in the moment. It can ease life and prevent the buyer in the way there will be no need to have a long pose to the store and find out that good you need is out of stock.Very often happens the situation when a client came to buy a Samsung product but because it is out of stock shop assistance offer goods of other companies, which is detrimental for Samsung sales. The main aim of dealers is to make a potential customer buy and if there is no special product he or she needs they can easily find a metamorphose as the world of technology is extensive and easily replaceable. Process improvement What makes Samsungs potential customers to enter the site and search it further? Most important page on the whole website is main page. It makes client be interested in products company offer.In our previous group research of Samsung we found ou t that main page of the company is not attractive at all. Here are some solutions how to make it more catchy and favorable 1. Customers should be informed with updated news or special offers the first thing. Samsung needs to update this information daily so buyers see that company is alive, it is operating ever day and care to hold customers on the site. 2. We noticed a very huge mistake of designers of the site that all pictures allocated are so not real and its hard to see how actual products look like.Nowadays, most of the sites that provide any change activity make the goods look very realistic as if you are shopping in the mall and see the product, e. g. 3D pictures can create this visual effect. 3. Forum is also another important part of the web site as here customers can discuss their complaints, whether they like the product or they dont, get some new ideas to improve the site and marketing strategy. It brings benefit to both visitors and company. Visitors can find for the mselves the product that suits them the most, advantages and disadvantages, write critique, review and so on.Company gets new ideas, fix errors or mistakes, and see how people react to some updates of the goods system. 4. Our group has conducted an independent research about Samsung and LG companies to understand how these two companies maintain customer relationship management and meanwhile provide service for its customers. We have gone to one of the retail stores representatives of both Samsung and LG which is serving as distributor at the same time and pretended to be secret buyers. We were just like middling buyers who were interested in purchase.As the result, we created a list of statements and criteria that for our opinion are important when choosing an electronic company. In the bow below we have rated them on the following criteria and identified to what extend do we agree with the following statements about Samsung and LG customer service representative. SamsungLG GoodA veragePoorGoodAveragePoor Selection of productsVV Quality of productVV Price of productVV AdvertisementVV Recommendation of friends and relativesVV Store layoutVV Guarantees/WarrantiesVV Online shop VV Convenient LocationVV trade name name recognitionVV Service CenterVVAgreeNeutralDisagreeAgreeNeutralDisagree The staff is friendlyVV The staff is patientVV The staff is politeVV The staff is responsiveVV The staff has listened carefullyVV The staff has sufficient product knowledgeVV Conclusion Samsung is well known company. We think that using our small research and recommendations this company will be closer to customers by itself, not just through retailers. Solutions about their web site will make company more attractive to customers. Finally, brief information about the company in the beginning of the idea will help reader to make clear understanding about company products and processes.

Non Perfoming Loans in Commercial Banks in Zimbabwe Is Now a Cause of Concern as It Is Threatening the Survival of Banks Bit by Bit

Journal of acclivitous Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6) 882-886 Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN 2141-7024 jetems. scholarlinkresearch. org Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6)882-886 (ISSN2141-7024) Journal of Emerging Trends in Insights on Non-Performing Loans Evidence from Zimbabwean Commercial Banks in a Dollarised Environment (2009-2012) 1 Laurine Chikoko, 2Tendekayi Mutambanadzo and 3Takaiona Vhimisai 1 section of Banking and Finance, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Senga, Gweru. Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O lash AC939, Ascot Bulawayo. 3 Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo. Corresponding origin Laurine Chikoko ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract This study was prompted by the gradual deterioration in summation quality in near technical asserts in Zimbabwe after the adoption of the octuple currency exchange rate regime. The poor addition qualities were reflected by the non-performing loans trending towards the watch list category.In this regard we investigated the commercial bank credit process with the accusatory of grounds the fundamental causes of the impaired assets that are bedeviling the Zimbabwean banking empyrean so that some of the mistakes are non perennial and correctional measures are put in place. The methodology adopted a survey research physical body with use of questionnaires and interviews with commercial banks head credit risk, head retail and head corporate banking division from 15 registered commercial banks in Zimbabwe.Research findings show that some banks were sitting on nonperforming loans due to poor credit abridgment processes wrong products offered to the clients lending based on balance sheet strength instead of cash light based lending banks taking too much comfort in security information dissy mmetry leading to moral hazard economic purlieu and political influence. Key recommendations include an urgent desktop up of the Credit Bureau banks should not adjust clients request and the need for banks to consider the economic environment and adjust their credit culture.The central bank needs to tighten its supervisory role and ensure prudent guidelines are not violated. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords credit analysis, loan products, non-performing loans, Zimbabwean commercial banks, dollarised environment. __________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION the watch list category. The synthesis is that Zimbabwe adopted a multiple currency regime in borrowers were struggling to repay loans leading to 2009.A multiple currency system allowed trade to be the worry of banks sitting on non-performing conducted using major transaction currencies, for loans. exa mple, the United States Dollar (USD), Pound Sterling, South African Rand, and the Botswana Pula. Each non-performing loan in the financial sector is After the adoption of the multiple currency system, viewed as an obverse mirror image of an ailing the banking sector experience marked unprofitable enterprise.From this point of view, the improvements in the intermediary role which resulted eradication of non-performing loans is a necessary in improved financial support to the key productive condition to improve the economic status of the sectors of the thrift (Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe financial institution. Continuously rolling over non(RBZ), 2010). A research conducted by the performing loans locks up resources that could International M 1tary Fund in 2010, indicated that otherwise be invested to profitable sectors of the the profitability of banks had improved following a economy.Intuitively this hinders economic growth to a greater extent favourable economic environment during th e and impairs economic efficiency. Consequently this modern regime. While officially reported, aggregate study seeks to provide insights on Zimbabwean banking soundness indicators do not raise major red commercial banks non-performing loans. The flags, they mask vulnerabilities specific to a fully ultimate objective is to draw lessons from dollarised banking system experiencing rapid credit commercial banks lending in Zimbabwe during the growth, as well as a significant variation in prudential multiple currency regime.The paper is organised as indicators across individual banks. The Reserve Bank follows. In the second section, we present brief of Zimbabwe (2012) in addition note that there has been review of literature. In the third section we present gradual deterioration in asset quality as reflected by the research methodology in the fourth section a the level of non-performing loans trending towards 882 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6)882-886 (ISSN2141-7024) discussion of the findings.Finally we present conclusions and recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW A non-performing loan is an advance by a financial institution that is not earning income and full payment of principal. As much(prenominal) interest is no longer anticipated (Van Greuning, & Bratavonic, 2003). There is no global stock to unsex non-performing loans at the practical level. Variations exist in terms of the classification system, the scope, and contents. This pitfall potentially adds to disorder and indecision in the non-performing loans subject.For instance, as described by Park (2003), during the 1990s, there were three different methods of defining non-performing loans the 1993 method based on banking laws the Banks Self-Valuation in March 1996 and the Financial Revival Laws-Based Debt Disclosure in 1999. These measurements have gradually broadened the scope and scale of the riskmanagement method in the banking industry. The literature tha t examines non-performing loans has increased as more researchers attempt to understand the major factors that cause financial instability.This trend has arisen due to the role played by impaired assets in financial instability as marchd by the strong association amidst nonperforming loans and banking crises. In most of the economies that collapsed, credit risk preceded financial crises. Khemraj (2005) revealed that the banking crises in East Asia and Sub-Saharan African countries were preceded by uplifted non-performing loans. This stimulated research in trying to establish the causes of non-performing loans in banks.Caprio (1998) had earlier presented stylised evidence and found that inadequate regulation and lack of supervision at the time of the liberalization could play a key role in explaining why deregulation and banking crises were so closely entwined. The analysis of Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) provides interesting insights on the links amidst financial crises with fi nancial liberalisation. The study found that the proxy variable for financial liberalisation which was the growth in domestic credit as a ratio of output, accelerated greatly as the crises emerged.Earliest studies to examine the causes of loan losses were by Keeton and Morris (1987). The study showed that local economic conditions along with the poor act of certain sectors explain the variation in loan losses recorded by the banks. The study also reports that commercial banks with greater risk appetite tend to record higher losses. Garey (1991), also concur with the early(a) studies of Keeton and Morris. Garey (1991) found that loan lossexperience of large commercial banks in the US was influenced by both internal and outside(a) factors.This study found a significant positive relationship between the loan-loss rate and internal factors such as 883 high interest rates, excessive lending, and volatile funds. Non-performing loans were influenced by gross domestic product growth, hig h real interest rates, lenient credit terms and excessive lending by commercial banks (Goacher, 2002 Howells and Bain, 2002 Heffernan, 2005 Freixas, 2007 and Machiranju 2008). condescension the abundant literature on non-performing loans, to the researchers knowledge, no study has been done on causes of non-performing loans on Zimbabwean commercial banks after dollarisation in 2009.METHODOLOGY A survey research design was used in this study. The survey allowed the sight of large amount of data in an economical way (Saunders et al, 2003). data obtained through use of questionnaires was standard which allowed easy comparison. The curtailation to the survey strategy was the fact that data collected may not be as wide-ranging as those collected by other research strategies. There is a limit as to the number of questions that any questionnaire can contain if the goodwill of the respondent is not to be presumed on too much. To mitigate this weakness, personal interviews were used in t he survey strategy.Data was collected from 15 registered commercial banks in Zimbabwe. The key informants were departmental heads of credit risk, retail and corporate banking divisions. In addition account relationship managers were randomly selected in the survey. The study was carried out in Harare mainly because that is where all commercial banks are headquartered. Data from the survey was analysed using STATA version 11. Tabulations were used to show percentages and frequencies of respondents in each response category, with cross-tabulation tables showing percentages and frequencies between two given categories.Crosstabulations were computed together with correlation test between two variables by using Pearson chisquare. limitation OF THE STUDY The issue of non-performing loans is a sensitive and confidential issue since it has a bearing on bank performance and reputation. To this end, we had challenges in getting a detailed account from some of the respondents. However, to ov ercome this we had to interview umpteen respondents from the same institution in order to fill in the missing details. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS On middling the banks were in business for thirty seven years but varied from five up to one hundred and eighteen years.Table 1 summarises the ages of the fifteen commercial banks. Table 1 Tabulated Zimbabwe Commercial Banks Years in Business Variable Years in business Observation 15 Mean 37. 5333 Std Dev 40. 2347 Min 5 Max 118 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6)882-886 (ISSN2141-7024) From the survey, age had nothing to do with the problem of non-performing loans as reflected by a? statistic of 5. 86 (P=0. 210). Of the banks surveyed, 20% were internationally own banks and 80% were locally owned banks.It was evident from the survey that locally owned banks had the problems of non-performing loans while internationally owned banks did not have problems of non-performing loans. This was shown by the obser ved differences in ownership and non-performing loans which were statistically significant as shown by the of 17. 26 (P

Critical Review for a Research Article Based on Grammar Translation

INTRODUCTION For centuries, Strategies on precept and learning jiffy run-in has been formed and apply in the schoolroom. Based on that, many researches has been conducted to runnel these method actings in dogma and learning surgical process to examine whether it is effective or estimable a waste of time. By construe through these researches, teacher has been given responsibility to choose which methods that can be adaptable to their suffer respective(prenominal) classroom and how it would succorer them with the lessons.Through this objectify, we have chosen a research articles that was conducted in China to find step up how a specific teaching method exit help in the teaching and learning process by examining the research articles written by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liqun Li. Furthermore, we exit identify the teaching methods that were utilised by them and it relevancy to the teaching and learning process in China.The battlefield sought to investigate whether the communicatory appeal could help students dramatize their vocabulary while sympathiseing through communicatory activities, and develop their ability of using lecture and arouse their reside in learning slope. 1. 0 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY. 2. 1 The Grammar Translation rule This method is more focusing on memorization of verb paradigms, grammar rules and vocabulary. Application of this knowledge was directed on transmutation of literary texts which is focusing on developing students appreciation of the target languages literature as well as teaching the language.Written and oral displacement plays a prominent part in classroom work. This encourages the learners to think and translate into their first language. Classes were conducted in thenative language which is the first language. A chapter in a distinctive textual matter of this method would begin with a massive bilingual vocabulary list. Grammar points would keep abreast at once from the texts and be presented con textu entirelyy in the textbook, to be explained elaborately by the teacher. In this method, while teaching the textbook the teacher translates every word and phrase from position into the learners first language.A number of methods and techniques have evolved for the teaching of side and also other foreign languages in the recent past, yet this method is still in use especially in Asian country such as China. It maintains the first language of the learner as the reference particularly in the process of learning the second/foreign languages. The main principles on which the grammar translation method is based are the following 1. Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best accomplishable manner. 2.Thephraseologyand theidiomsof the target language can best be assimilated in the process of interpretation. 3. Thestructuresof the foreign languages are best learned when compared and contrast with those of first language. 2. 2 The communicatory La nguage Teaching Method Communicative has been developed by British Applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches. CLT also places commodious emphasis on destiny students use the target language in a variety of contexts and places. It is a great emphasis on learning four language skills comprehend, speaking, reading, writing.Its primary focus is on helping learners create meaning rather than helping them develop perfectly grammatical structures or acquire native- kindred pronunciation. This nitty-gritty that successfully learning the English language is treasureed in terms of how well learners have developed their communicatory competence, which can loosely be defined as their ability to apply knowledge of both dinner dress and sociolinguistic aspects of a language with adequate proficiency to communicate. CLT is usually characterized as a broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a returnly defined set of classroom practices.As su ch, it is al almost often defined as a list of general principles or features 1) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. 2) The introduction of au thentic texts into the learning situation. 3) The grooming of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the learning management process. 4) An sweetening of the learners own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. 5) An attempt to contact lens classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. 2. BACKGROUND OF CLT AND GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHODS IN CHINA The main place of CLT is to develop learners communicatory competence. Communication is important in order to follow with the development of economy. When communicative language teaching (CLT) was introduced in China at first, it met with manageable resistance (Li, 2003 Zhu, 2003 Hu, 2002). Its pioneers changed the traditional grammar-translation m ethod into a student-centred communicative approach. It is become unusual in learning for the students because they fatality to communicate in class rather than audience the teacher explanation.English language teaching in China was established by divergent stories and not a single narrative. According to Rao (2002), in learning the English language, the Chinese learners are more focusing on reading and writing grammar and translation memorization of vocabulary. However, the traditional grammar-translation method failed to repair them improve in their communicative skill. In order to catch up with the development of economy and promote exchange, students communicative competence compensate their boilersuit ability in language need to be improvedMost of the ELT teachers who had adopted CLT method grew less reassured of it. This is because of their qualification and the National Testing System. At the end of 1990s, a person named Zhu has summarized with an increasing series of C LT text books that were published. CLT started to be accepted and teachers were advance to teach communicatively and interactively in classes. Students were unable to communicate effectively in foreign language and they were dissatisfied with their communicative competence skills.Although CLT was introduced into the Chinese EFL classes in the early 1980s, the traditional grammar method is still employed in most classes. Before 2000, college English text books were employ in most universities for more than 10 years designed for traditional methods such as grammar translation method. The students were being used to passive and obedient to teachers, waiting patiently and quietly what teachers give them. An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching with communicative approach and a new series of textbooks.The purpose was to find out the results of applying and assess of effectiveness of the communicative approach in English reading classes. 3. 0 PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching in Automobile College of Jilin University. The study began on September 2002. 8 non-English major classes were chosen at random. 4 classes will use CLT method in the teaching and learning process ( crowd C) and another 4 classes will used grammar-translation method (Group T). It lasted for 2 semesters with 116 participants on Group C and 118 on Group T.Jin, Singh, and Li prepared a Pre-treatment questionnaire asked about the students perception of the discourse structures and reading strategies at the bloodline of the semester. 116 students received the questionnaire and returned them. Then, they were told about learner-centred approach, learner autonomy, the roles of themselves and teachers in class. To conduct the study on communicative approach, three move were taken, which is a warm-up activities, reading activities, and follow up activities. 3. 1 Warm up activitiesStudents were required to do a group d iscussion, pair work and individual presentation to familiarise the topic that they were going to read. The need of such thing is to make sure that everyone will take part in the activities. Teachers will sometimes have to join in as a partner. The students interest in English learning was encouraged in such a dynamic and active atmosphere. 3. 2 Reading activities In order to make sure that students understood the global structure and was aware of the main idea in the material they were reading, teacher and students analysed the characteristics of contrary discourse structures together in class.Predictive and jigsaw reading application were organised to improve students limpidity of the discussion. 3. 2. 1 Predictive Reading Activity The activities was suitable for narrative passages which were divided into parts for one group, then another to read one in limited time, then they also were asked to work in smallish group and had to offer their own prevision and share with the who le of the class. After that they went on to read and test their different expectations. Whoever share the same ideas with the author would be very excited, others with different prediction were amused, too. . 2. 2 saber saw Reading Activity Teacher divided the selected material into sections and divided students into group with limited time given, they were asked to read only one paragraph for each group to find a main idea and prediction for the next and before the paragraph. When they come into problems, they will try to solve it discussing issues with their peers. There are two procedures for this activity A- First, one student from each group made a report on their findings and other students will have to listen attentively to take note.After all the reports, students have collected all the main cognitive content from all groups then in their group, decide the order of the paragraph. At the end of the activities, the whole class will agreed on the logical sequences. B- Secondl y, students were divided into different groups, with each member coming from a different group. Each student in the new group brought their materials and all of them organised the passage according to the most logical order. 3. 3 Follow up Activities By the end of the activity, teacher asked questions about the passage to acquire the feedback from the students. completely the activities were arranged for all students in the class to participate actively in the interactions and eventually improved their overall English language ability. 4. 0 OUTCOMES The study done by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liquin Li has achieved the following result which is the affinity on test result, time taken by the teacher in class, and feedback between Group C and Group T which practiced the Communicative Language Teaching and Grammar-Translation methods in class for two semesters respectively. 4. 1 Test ResultStudents were required to take a test paper to check their skills on reading (R40), perce ive (L15) and vocabulary and structures (L15). The numbers being allocated to it are the fullest marks. Test papers were exactly the same in listening and reading. The part of vocabulary and structures were all from their respective textbooks. TEST/GROUP GROUP C GROUP T R40 30. 18 29. 56 L15 10. 58 8. 54 V15 9. 09 8. 22 Table 1 Test result for Group C and Group T Judging from the result of the test, students in Group C did better than those in T-group in all aspects.They were especially superior in listening, and slightly better in vocabulary. This does seems that a communicative approach can improve students performance in examination and does not undermine their capacity to abide by in tests. 4. 2 Tape Result The process of teaching and learning of the groups were recorded in speech sound and checked to see the differences between the two classroom management with grammar-translation and communicative approaches. In the GT classes, the teachers lectures took about 91% of the ti me in class.On the other hand, 64% of the time was spent in student-centred activities which ultimately give chances for all students in the classroom to speak English. 4. 3 Feedback Comments on the training program were obtained for a group of college students exactly graduated from high-school. 29 people out of 30 showed a favourable attitude and acknowledged their get on in all of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills during the three-month training. From the 116 students, 85% of them said they liked the CLT methods better.Students in Grammar-Translation group just sat there nodding mechanically with no chance to speak language. They commented that the teachers were training them to be like robot because they just accepted what the teachers gave them. At the end of the first semester, three university supervisors observed the class with CLT methods and confirm the active, motivating atmosphere and the positive, effective becomes of it. 5. 0 CHINESE STUDENTS PERCEPTIO NS ON THE TEACHING METHODS. Another research study has been conducted by Z.Rao (2002) to investigate Chinese students perceptions of communicative and non-communicative activities and their difficulties in EFL classes that used CLT method. The instruments include a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 30 Chinese English-major college students were chosen at random from those who exposed to CLT for completing a survey. 15 of them were sophomores, 15 were juniors, with 21 females and 9 males, ranging in age from 18 to 23. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part A was about the students background, English proficiency and their opinions of communicative and non-communicative activities.Part B composed of 19 items asking about communicative and non-communicative activities. Part C invited students to explain their difficulties in communicative activities in class. 5. 1 Research results. The data was examined after it was collected and analysed inductively. The survey r esults showed that the students prefer non-communicative activities, compared with communicative ones although they liked a variety of class activities. Almost all students preferred teachers grammatical explanations in English mother-tongue-avoidance strategy in class.Sometimes the lack of authentic English context and confidence in themselves prevent them from move in communicative activities. Some dynamic, creative activities were welcomed by good English learners. All students thought it useful for teachers to direct class discussions, and they were they were concerned in authentic English materials, e. g. newspaper or magazine articles. All students were interested in CLT methods in class, twenty-two of whom liked non-communicative activities better, and eight preferred communicative activities.All of them thought the conspiracy of communicative and non-communicative activities was better. Because of most examinations were grammar-based, and many students motivations for le arning of English was career-orientated. They didnt attach importance to communicative activities although they were interested in them. And 25 of 30 students thought they were used to the traditional grammar-translation method which was teacher-centred, textbook-driven and emphasized rote memory. They consider their teachers were authority and reluctant to challenge them. CONCLUSIONAfter a deep look into the research articles conducted by three undecided and professional professor of English Education, we realise that most classes in China uses Grammar-translation method on their teaching and learning process instead of the more modern approach on language teaching such as CLT. It is by no means an expired approach because students in China still preferred to use the method and claim it sufficient in learning English language. The paper done by Li, Jin, and Singh has explored the CLT method to college English and compared them with traditional method of grammar-translation.Li (200 3) summarises that judging from the feedback from the students and the results of examinations, communicative approach was advantageous and favourable, it aroused their interest in English language and developing their learner autonomy. Although the study shown that CLT method is much more efficient with a higher result on English language skills (listening, speaking, writing, and reading), Rao (2002) has conducted one research on students own perceptions instead of looking at the end result of students proficiency in English language which resulted in favour of the more traditional method of grammar-translation.According to Rao (2002), teacher may help their students understand the nature of the language, the features of CLT, the function of the class, the role of student and the teacher. They could create environment for students to practise the language which give them some insights into real-life situation. Adding to that, teachers could be facilitators that help students to acc ess authentic English language materials. It will offer students knowledge into other nations, peoples, ultures, and everything significant. Thus it has come to our understanding that even though both methods might be applicable to English language classes depending on the variable of the students conception and environment, teachers could be the initiators that encourage students to accept the other modern methods and be the one who clear away misconceptions that might be used to hinder the teaching and learning process in classroom.REFERENCES 1- Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, Liqun Li Communicative Language Teaching in China Misconceptions, Applications and Perceptions. (2005) Australian Association for Research in Education. 2- Rao, Z. (2002), Chinese Students Perceptions of Communicative and Non-Communicative Activities in EFL Classroom. System 30, pp. 85-105. 3- Xiao Qing Liao How Communicative Language Teaching Became Acceptable in Secondary Schools in China.The Internet TESL Jou rnal, Vol. VI, No. 10, October 2000 http//iteslj. org/. 4- Rao Zhenhui Foreign Languages College, Jiangxi Normal College, China. Modern vs. Traditional. Taken 10 October 2012 from http//eca. state. gov/forum/vols/vol37/no3/p27. htm. 5- Rhalmi Mohammed Im Rhalmi Mohammed articles on Grammar Translation Method (April 2009) and Communicative Language Teaching (Sep 2009) taken on October 2012 from http//myenglishpages. com.